{"id":8774,"date":"2020-12-03T16:17:59","date_gmt":"2020-12-03T16:17:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/eruption-volcanique\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:02:56","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:02:56","slug":"volcanic-eruptions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/fr\/hazards\/volcanic-eruptions\/","title":{"rendered":"Eruption volcanique"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8774\" class=\"elementor elementor-8774 elementor-1268\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9f315d8 heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9f315d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bff30b9\" data-id=\"bff30b9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4aed260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4aed260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risques Naturels<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83110ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"83110ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Eruption volcanique<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbe2496\" data-id=\"bbe2496\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7b2886 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d7b2886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f932747 small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f932747\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le\u00a0\u200bCERG &#8211; European Centre on Geomorphological Hazards &#8211; Strasbourg, France &amp; the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9884005 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9884005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc32d59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc32d59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanic-eruptions-1024x320.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1273\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanic-eruptions-1024x320.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanic-eruptions-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanic-eruptions-768x240.jpg 768w, 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class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9crits comme des ouvertures dans la cro\u00fbte terrestre, \u00e0 travers lesquels la roche en fusion, des cendres et des gaz sont \u00e9mis. Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre actifs ou inactifs. Les volcans actifs peuvent \u00eatre divis\u00e9s en deux types principaux:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Volcans explosifs qui donnent lieu \u00e0 de grandes explosions qui peuvent d\u00e9truire partiellement le volcan\u00a0; \u00e0 de hautes colonnes de mat\u00e9riaux rocheux (d\u00e9bris de roche, blocs de roche, cendres, vapeur) projet\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re et par la suite tombant le long des flancs du volcan\u00a0; ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 des coul\u00e9es de lave, des coul\u00e9es de boue et de d\u00e9bris le long des flancs du volcan, ainsi que des tremblements de terre et des \u00e9missions de gaz nocifs.<\/li>\n<li>Volcans effusifs qui donnent lieu notamment \u00e0 des coul\u00e9es de lave se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant lentement, de petites explosions, des d\u00e9formations du sol, des fontaines de lave, des \u00e9missions de gaz et de vapeur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e4ef8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"7e4ef8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1321\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1321\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. Comment d\u00e9finir une \u00e9ruption volcanique?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1321\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1321\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7893\" class=\"elementor elementor-7893 elementor-1296\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c209c51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c209c51\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc3f6d3\" data-id=\"bc3f6d3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6a995 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a6a995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9crits comme des ouvertures dans la cro\u00fbte terrestre, \u00e0 travers lesquels la roche en fusion, des cendres et des gaz sont \u00e9mis.<\/p>\n<p>Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre actifs ou inactifs.<\/p>\n<p>Les volcans actifs peuvent \u00eatre divis\u00e9s en deux types principaux:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Volcans explosifs qui donnent lieu \u00e0 de grandes explosions qui peuvent d\u00e9truire partiellement le volcan\u00a0; \u00e0 de hautes colonnes de mat\u00e9riaux rocheux (d\u00e9bris de roche, blocs de roche, cendres, vapeur) projet\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re et par la suite tombant le long des flancs du volcan\u00a0; ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 des coul\u00e9es de lave, des coul\u00e9es de boue et de d\u00e9bris le long des flancs du volcan, ainsi que des tremblements de terre et des \u00e9missions de gaz nocifs.<\/li>\n<li>Volcans effusifs qui donnent lieu notamment \u00e0 des coul\u00e9es de lave se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant lentement, de petites explosions, des d\u00e9formations du sol, des fontaines de lave, des \u00e9missions de gaz et de vapeur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483521f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"483521f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"628\" height=\"712\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1301\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-2.jpg 628w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-2-265x300.jpg 265w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: United States Geological Survey (USGS)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1322\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1322\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. Quels types d'\u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1322\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1322\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7895\" class=\"elementor elementor-7895 elementor-1307\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bec76d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bec76d7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-863b407\" data-id=\"863b407\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-841eb35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"841eb35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les risques volcaniques existent dans les zones ou des volcans sont encore actifs et o\u00f9 il y a des implantation humaines et des activiti\u00e9s. De fa\u00e7on simple, un volcan est d\u00e9crit comme actif s&rsquo;il a connu une \u00e9ruption:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dans les temps historiques: si son activit\u00e9 est d\u00e9crite par des documents historiques;<\/li>\n<li>au cours de l&rsquo;Holoc\u00e8ne: si son activit\u00e9 n&rsquo;est pas d\u00e9crite par des documents historiques mais des analyses scientifiques indiquent une activit\u00e9 au cours des derniers 10,000 ans.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les volcans actifs peuvent en gros \u00eatre class\u00e9s en deux cat\u00e9gories principales :<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Volcans effusifs<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ils sont sources de risques sous forme notamment de coul\u00e9es de lave, d\u2019explosions limit\u00e9es, de d\u00e9formations des sols, de fontaines de lave et d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz et de vapeur.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8be463d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8be463d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5969e2\" data-id=\"c5969e2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd53105 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fd53105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"535\" height=\"401\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1312\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3a.jpg 535w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3a-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 535px) 100vw, 535px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Etna (Italy)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cfb65fe\" data-id=\"cfb65fe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d88774 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7d88774\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"541\" height=\"406\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1317\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3b.jpg 541w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3b-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Etna (Italy)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-35f9ab9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"35f9ab9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bdda1e\" data-id=\"2bdda1e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eff974c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eff974c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"785\" height=\"491\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3c.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1324\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3c.jpg 785w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3c-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-3c-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Manua Loa (Hawaii)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-82e8bce\" data-id=\"82e8bce\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bf666d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3bf666d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-033e9d6\" data-id=\"033e9d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99ca9cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"99ca9cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em><strong>Volcans \u00e0 \u00e9ruption explosive<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>Ils sont le lieu de puissantes explosions pouvant provoquer la destruction partielle du volcan et la projection dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re de hautes colonnes de mati\u00e8res rocheuses (d\u00e9bris, blocs, cendres, vapeurs, etc.) qui retombent ensuite sur les pentes du volcan, ainsi que de coul\u00e9es de lave, de boues et de d\u00e9bris sur les pentes du volcan, de s\u00e9ismes et d\u2019\u00e9missions de gaz nocifs. Les explosions qui se produisent en cas d\u2019\u00e9ruption sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement dues \u00e0 un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de dilatation gazeuse \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur d\u2019une lave visqueuse ou \u00e0 des \u00e9coulements d\u2019eau \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur d\u2019une chambre ou d\u2019une chemin\u00e9e magmatique. Ces explosions ont lieu lorsqu\u2019un \u00e9v\u00e9nement volcanique se produit dans une zone o\u00f9 existent de larges r\u00e9servoirs d\u2019eau souterrains ou bien dans un lac ou en mer.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b43a30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3b43a30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"484\" height=\"568\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1330\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4a.jpg 484w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4a-256x300.jpg 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 484px) 100vw, 484px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Source: \u00ab\u00a0The Eruption of Vesuvius as seen from Naples, October 1822\u00a0\u00bb from V. Day &amp; Son. In G. Julius Poulett Scrope, Masson, 1864. Historical Draw from George Julius Poulett Scrope (1797-1876)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b3b934 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5b3b934\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"430\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1335\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4b.jpg 430w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-4b-300x213.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 430px) 100vw, 430px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">St. Helens (USA). Credits: photo by United States Air Force<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2239f72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2239f72\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad76577\" data-id=\"ad76577\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489f7a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"489f7a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1340\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5a.jpg 719w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5a-300x151.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d96913b\" data-id=\"d96913b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f84b6f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f84b6f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1345\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5b.jpg 722w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-5b-300x151.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed26d3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ed26d3a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77df757\" data-id=\"77df757\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e96df figure-caption elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e96df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Credit: U.S. Geological Survey. Department of the Interior, USA<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1323\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1323\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Quelle est l\u2019origine des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1323\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1323\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7897\" class=\"elementor elementor-7897 elementor-1352\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7f711b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7f711b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ef71d0\" data-id=\"8ef71d0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ec815c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ec815c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les volcans sont cr\u00e9\u00e9s\u00a0par la dynamique interne de la Terre. Lorsque les roches souterraines fondues (magma) migrent \u00e0 travers les fractures dans la couche externe de la Terre (lithosph\u00e8re) et atteignent la surface de la cro\u00fbte terrestre, un volcan est cr\u00e9\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d51e06b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d51e06b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"590\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig6-768x590.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-1357\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig6-768x590.png 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig6-300x231.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig6-1024x787.png 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig6.png 1047w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"> Un sch\u00e9ma de l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de la Terre. Montre la lithosph\u00e8re et l&rsquo;asth\u00e9nosph\u00e8re dans des plaques divergentes et convergentes. Source: http:\/\/dilu.bol.ucla.edu\/<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff531b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ff531b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le magma poss\u00e8de des caract\u00e9ristiques tr\u00e8s particuli\u00e8res. Lorsqu\u2019il parvient \u00e0 la surface, sa temp\u00e9rature est de l\u2019ordre de 700 \u00e0 1200 \u00b0C et sa densit\u00e9 se situe entre 2.300 et 2.700 kg\/m3. La viscosit\u00e9 est le comportement du magma lorsqu&rsquo;il\u00a0coule (viscosit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e = fluidit\u00e9 faible; viscosit\u00e9 faible = fluidit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e)\u00a0et d\u00e9pend de sa composition chimique. Les magmas ayant une forte teneur en silice et en gaz et une faible teneur en fer et en magn\u00e9sium produisent des rhyolites, qui sont des laves tr\u00e8s visqueuses. Les magmas \u00e0 forte teneur en magn\u00e9sium, en calcium et en fer produisent des basaltes, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire des laves \u00e0 faible viscosit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La viscosit\u00e9 du magma et la quantit\u00e9 de gaz \u00e9tant les facteurs d\u00e9terminants lors d\u2019une \u00e9ruption, on peut affirmer que les magmas \u00e0 viscosit\u00e9 faible (magmas basaltiques) produisent des \u00e9ruptions lentes avec des coul\u00e9es de lave se d\u00e9versant lentement sur de grandes distances.<\/p>\n<p>Les magmas \u00e0 viscosit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e (magmas rhyolitiques) provoquent de tr\u00e8s fortes pressions et d\u2019importantes d\u00e9formations du volcan et s\u2019accompagnent de puissantes explosions et de coul\u00e9es de lave plus r\u00e9duites.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1324\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1324\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. O\u00f9 se situent les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1324\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1324\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7899\" class=\"elementor elementor-7899 elementor-1365\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9476831 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9476831\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bee6295\" data-id=\"bee6295\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0062f29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0062f29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les volcans se trouvent sur trois types d\u2019emplacements:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>les bords de plaques<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>plaques divergentes: l\u2019\u00e9cartement progressif des plaques provoque des failles dans la cro\u00fbte terrestre \u00e0 travers lesquelles le magma remonte vers la surface. Dans ces zones (dorsale mid-atlantique, par exemple), le magma est en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de type basaltique;<\/li>\n<li>plaques convergentes: les mouvements de collision et de chevauchement entre plaques provoquent des pressions tr\u00e8s intenses et des temp\u00e9ratures tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9es qui font entrer les roches en fusion et o\u00f9 se forment les volcans les plus dangereux du monde. Dans ces zones (r\u00e9gion du Pacifique Nord, V\u00e9suve en Italie, par exemple), le magma est en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de type rhyolitique et riche en gaz ;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>loin des bords des plaques: points chauds o\u00f9 des volcans rares poss\u00e9dant des r\u00e9servoirs de magma tr\u00e8s profonds donnent des volcans basaltiques moins explosifs (comme ceux des \u00eeles Hawa\u00ef, par exemple).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07b8dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"07b8dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig7a-1024x580.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1376\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig7a-1024x580.png 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig7a-300x170.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig7a-768x435.png 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-Fig7a.png 1267w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Different types of Plate Boundaries &#8211; This image is in the public domain because it contains materials that originally came from the United States Geological Survey, an agency of the United States Department of Interior. For more information, see the official USGS copyright policy. Source: Wikipedia<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3b851c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3b851c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG7b-1024x601.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1381\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG7b-1024x601.png 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG7b-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG7b-768x451.png 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG7b.png 1291w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Different types of Convergent Boundaries &#8211; Source: Wikipedia<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-015832f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"015832f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"644\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC15-1024x644.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1371\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC15-1024x644.png 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC15-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC15-768x483.png 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC15.png 1027w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes in the world. Source: United States Geological Survey<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83bb715 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"83bb715\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 What are the largest volcanic areas in the world?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1381\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1390\" class=\"elementor elementor-1390\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-88f7cb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"88f7cb2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-61da799\" data-id=\"61da799\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cbb69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70cbb69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tdFaqCond row\">The largest volcanic risks in the world are concentrated in densely populated areas located on the hills or near active volcanoes.<br \/><br \/>The most impressive example on Earth is the \u00ab\u00a0Ring of Fire\u00a0\u00bb, a 40,000 km long zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that encircles the basin of the Pacific Ocean, also called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt.<br \/><br \/>The Ring of Fire involves the western coast of North America continent and the Pacific Ocean islands: Kuril, Japan, Philippines. It accounts for 90% of the world&rsquo;s earthquakes and 81% of the world&rsquo;s largest earthquakes.<br \/><br \/>The next most seismic region (5-6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world&rsquo;s largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt which extends from Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean and out into the Atlantic.<br \/><br \/>The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.2 What are the largest volcanic areas in Europe?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1382\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1394\" class=\"elementor elementor-1394\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a665a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a665a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c39947b\" data-id=\"c39947b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66b99f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66b99f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>In Europe, volcanic risk is concentrated in:<\/p><ul><li>the Mediterranean region:\u00a0Southern Italy (Vesuvius near\u00a0Naples, Stromboli and Vulcano\u00a0in the Aeolian Islands, Etna in\u00a0Sicily, etc.), Greece (Methana on the Peloponnese peninsula, Milos\u00a0and\u00a0Santorini in the Cyclades, Nisyros in the Dodecanese) and Turkey (Mt Ararat, Nemrut Dagi and Tendurek Dagi in Eastern Anatolia);<\/li><li>the Northern Atlantic Ocean region: Canary Islands (Teide, Tenegu\u00eda, Tanganasoga), A\u00e7ores Islands (Capelinhos, Mount Pico)\u00a0and Iceland (with 130 volcanic mountains: Hekla, Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull, Surtsey, etc.).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ff5c22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8ff5c22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"736\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanos-europe-1024x736.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1397\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanos-europe-1024x736.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanos-europe-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanos-europe-768x552.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/volcanos-europe.jpg 1094w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a3c73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a3c73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>France has some active volcanoes but only in its overseas departments: the \u201cMount Pel\u00e9e\u201d in the Martinique and \u201cLa Grande Soufri\u00e8re\u201d in Guadeloupe (Carribean Sea), the \u201cPiton de la Fournaise\u201d in the R\u00e9union island (Indian Ocean) and both submarine and emerged volcanoes in the French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean). The United Kingdom also has some in its overseas territories: for exemple, the very dangerous Soufriere Hills volcano is located on the island of Montserrat (Carribean Sea).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a87ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"52a87ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"625\" height=\"612\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-9b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1403\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-9b.jpg 625w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig-9b-300x294.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1325\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1325\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. Quelles peuvent \u00eatre les cons\u00e9quences des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1325\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1325\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7901\" class=\"elementor elementor-7901 elementor-1409\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6aef388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6aef388\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-af3c688\" data-id=\"af3c688\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b44e19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b44e19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les d\u00e9flagrations et le nuage pyroclastique provoquent en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral le d\u00e9placement d\u2019une masse d\u2019air importante \u00e0 tr\u00e8s grande vitesse qui peut tuer et d\u00e9truire tr\u00e8s rapidement b\u00e2timents, infrastructures et environnement.<\/p>\n<p>Le t\u00e9phra (mati\u00e8res rocheuses projet\u00e9es dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re) peut \u00eatre la cause de d\u00e9c\u00e8s et de blessures lorsqu\u2019il retombe sur le sol en couvrant de grandes surfaces et en endommageant les structures et l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n<p>Les cendres volcaniques \u00e9ject\u00e9es par une explosion hors d\u2019un \u00e9vent sont comme de petites particules de verre coupant de moins de 2mm et elles endommagent tout ce qu\u2019elles rencontrent sur leur passage. Les cendres volcaniques sont tr\u00e8s dangereuses pour l\u2019environnement situ\u00e9 autour du volcan : lors des fortes retomb\u00e9es de cendres, des maisons et des constructions peuvent s\u2019effondrer, des personnes et des animaux mourir par manque d\u2019oxyg\u00e8ne. Les nuages de cendres volcaniques sont tr\u00e8s dangereux pour les avions car ils peuvent endommager les moteurs et les instruments de contr\u00f4le.<\/p>\n<p>Les gaz volcaniques sont nocifs pour la sant\u00e9 de l\u2019homme et des animaux, ainsi que pour l\u2019environnement naturel.<\/p>\n<p>Les \u00e9coulements de lave progressent lentement. Ils ne repr\u00e9sentent gu\u00e8re un danger pour la vie humaine, \u00e0 condition de respecter certaines r\u00e8gles de s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d97842e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d97842e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG8a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1414\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG8a.jpg 800w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG8a-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG8a-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Plus d\u2019une centaine de  maisons ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truites par la coul\u00e9e de lave en 1990 \u00e0 Kalapanais, une ville et r\u00e9gion dans le district de Puna sur l&rsquo;\u00eele de Hawa\u00efdans l&rsquo;archipel Hawaien. Source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kalapana,_Hawaii<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91fa97b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91fa97b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Les coul\u00e9es pyroclastiques, les coul\u00e9es boueuses (lahars), les avalanches de d\u00e9bris et les glissements de terrain provoquent d\u2019importantes chutes d\u2019eau, de roches et de d\u00e9bris sur les pentes d\u2019un volcan et peuvent mettre gravement en danger la vie humaine. Les personnes qui se trouvent sur leur passage sont expos\u00e9es \u00e0 des risques graves (traumatismes physiques graves, mort par noyade ou par asphyxie, br\u00fblures dues \u00e0 une coul\u00e9e pyroclastique). La seule protection efficace \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de ces risques en cas d\u2019\u00e9ruption est d\u2019\u00e9vacuer toutes les personnes potentiellement en danger dans la zone expos\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Les s\u00e9ismes volcaniques peuvent provoquer des pertes humaines lorsque la qualit\u00e9 et l\u2019entretien des constructions sont insuffisants. Dans de telles conditions, les s\u00e9ismes volcaniques de faible amplitude peuvent endommager ou d\u00e9truire des b\u00e2timents en tuant ou en blessant des personnes.<\/p>\n<p>Les incendies provoqu\u00e9s par une \u00e9ruption peuvent entra\u00eener la destruction de for\u00eats, de ressources foresti\u00e8res, de b\u00e2timents ou d\u2019usines, par exemple, en endommageant gravement les zones urbaines et rurales.<\/p>\n<p>Les s\u00e9ismes volcaniques peuvent \u00e9galement produire des tsunamis volcaniques: des raz-de-mar\u00e9e qui atteignent les zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res et p\u00e9n\u00e8trent loin \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des terres en provoquant la mort de nombreuses personnes, des dommages importants et la destruction des r\u00e9gions c\u00f4ti\u00e8res.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adf3218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"adf3218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.1 Consequences for the environment<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1421\" class=\"elementor elementor-1421\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1ee1e61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1ee1e61\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ae8fe2\" data-id=\"1ae8fe2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f9d415 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f9d415\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Volcanic eruptions can have strong negative effects for the environment. They can produce large destruction of the environment as lava flows and pyroclastic materials cover large portions of natural environments, destroying them for decades.<\/p><p>Furthermore, toxic gases emitted during strong activity can have an additional impact and in particular carbon dioxide emitted from volcanoes can have a significant impact on increasing greenhouse effect.<\/p><p>Emitted gases consist mainly of water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) and other gases typically found in volcanic ashes are hydrogen sulphide (H2S), hydrogen chloride (HCl, which becomes hydrochloric acid in contact with humidity), hydrogen fluoride (HF) and carbon monoxide (CO).<\/p><p>In particular, sulphur dioxide is converted in the stratosphere into sulphuric aerosols which reflect solar radiation absorbing heat but also take part in chemical reactions generating ozone destructive material, globally affecting the climate, and producing acid rains.<\/p><p>A typical example of a volcanic eruption that caused substantial environmental damage is the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption (90kms northwest of Manila in the Philippines), the second largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.2 A note on cultural heritage in volcanic areas<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1425\" class=\"elementor elementor-1425\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6873a6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6873a6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-69ccde1\" data-id=\"69ccde1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5325631 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5325631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Large eruptions can cover prehistorical and historical remains, preserving them up to our days. Very famous examples of historical remains and archaeological sites damaged by volcanic eruption are known in the world: the Vesuvius area, inhabited since the Ancient Greek period, suffered eruptions with consequences on monuments and archeological sites (i.e. Pompeii, Herculaneum and prehistorical settlements near the Vesuvius).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1326\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1326\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. Les comportements humains peuvent-ils att\u00e9nuer l\u2019impact des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1326\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1326\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7903\" class=\"elementor elementor-7903 elementor-1429\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9ecce1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9ecce1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ba0c52\" data-id=\"3ba0c52\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b9bac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9b9bac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les cons\u00e9quences peuvent \u00eatre diminu\u00e9es ou augment\u00e9es en fonction\u00a0 des comportements individuels et des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement des communaut\u00e9s:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Comportement individuel<\/em>\u00a0: bien conna\u00eetre les instructions et les plans \u00e0 suivre en cas d\u2019urgence est une n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 absolue pour les personnes qui vivent \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d\u2019un volcan en activit\u00e9. En cas d\u2019alerte, toute personne doit participer de mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate aux efforts engag\u00e9s par les \u00e9quipes de protection civile et par les autorit\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li><em>D\u00e9veloppement local\u00a0<\/em>: des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement ad\u00e9quates doivent \u00eatre mises en \u0153uvre dans les zones volcaniques. Les communaut\u00e9s locales doivent conna\u00eetre le niveau de risque correspondant \u00e0 chaque zone et les autorit\u00e9s doivent adopter et promouvoir des r\u00e8gles adapt\u00e9es dans le domaine de la construction, de l\u2019industrie et de l\u2019agriculture.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Si les comportements individuels et les politiques de d\u00e9veloppement ne tiennent pas suffisamment compte des risques volcaniques, une \u00e9ruption peut avoir des cons\u00e9quences graves ou m\u00eame tragiques pour les personnes et pour le syst\u00e8me social.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed02c47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ed02c47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"630\" height=\"668\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC_FIG9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1434\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC_FIG9.jpg 630w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC_FIG9-283x300.jpg 283w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Plan d&rsquo;\u00e9vacuation en cas d&rsquo;\u00e9ruption volcanique au Costa Rica &#8211; Source: http:\/\/livinglifeincostarica.blogspot.it\/2013\/03\/volcano-evacuation.html<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1327\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1327\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. Les comportements humains peuvent-ils influer sur les facteurs d'\u00e9ruption volcanique ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1327\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1327\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7905\" class=\"elementor elementor-7905 elementor-1440\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d11dd3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d11dd3f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11c978f\" data-id=\"11c978f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92b4d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92b4d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>L&rsquo;al\u00e9a volcanique, comme la probabilit\u00e9 d&rsquo;occurrence d&rsquo;un \u00e9v\u00e9nement dangereux \u00e0 un\u00a0lieu donn\u00e9 et \u00e0 un certain moment dans le temps, ne peut pas \u00eatre influenc\u00e9 par les choix et les comportements humains\u00a0puisque les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques sont des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes purement induits par la nature.<\/p>\n<p>Mais le risque volcanique, comme fonction de l&rsquo;al\u00e9a, de la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et de la valeur expos\u00e9e, peut \u00eatre influenc\u00e9 par le comportement humain: \u00e0 la fois la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et la valeur expos\u00e9e d\u00e9pendent des choix et comportements humains sur la longue dur\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-133981f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"133981f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"964\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG10.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1445\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG10.jpg 964w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG10-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG10-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 964px) 100vw, 964px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Cela pourrait \u00eatre Pompei: suite aux les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques du week-end,   villages autour du Mont Sinabung \u00e0 Sumatra font \u00e9trangement penser   penser \u00e0 l\u2019ancienne cit\u00e9 romaine. Source: MailOnline 13 Janvier 2014 &#8211; http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2538437\/Volcanic-eruptions-leave-villages-Mount-Sinabung-looking-reminiscent-Pompeii-ancient-Roman-city-destroyed-Mount-Vesuvius.html<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1328\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1328\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Est-il possible de pr\u00e9voir les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1328\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1328\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7907\" class=\"elementor elementor-7907 elementor-1451\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a458fd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a458fd3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d6f778e\" data-id=\"d6f778e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f77fb84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f77fb84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La pr\u00e9vision des risques volcaniques recouvre toutes les activit\u00e9s visant \u00e0 comprendre le fonctionnement d\u2019un volcan et \u00e0 \u00e9valuer la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9ruption dans une zone donn\u00e9e, avec une intensit\u00e9 (magnitude) donn\u00e9e et pour une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Les activit\u00e9s de pr\u00e9vision sont men\u00e9es par des scientifiques et des experts\u00a0car les mesures et les \u00e9valuations requises reposent sur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>l\u2019\u00e9tude de la dynamique du syst\u00e8me g\u00e9ologique et du volcan ;<\/li>\n<li>l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019histoire du volcan ;<\/li>\n<li>la d\u00e9termination de la probabilit\u00e9 de diff\u00e9rents types d\u2019\u00e9ruption ;<\/li>\n<li>l\u2019identification des zones et sites \u00e0 risques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Malgr\u00e9 les ressemblances entre volcans en termes de fonctionnement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, chaque volcan a en fait un comportement diff\u00e9rent et pr\u00e9sente un certain nombre de risques propres : c\u2019est la raison pour laquelle il est tr\u00e8s important pour les scientifiques d\u2019\u00e9tudier et de surveiller individuellement chaque volcan.<\/p>\n<p>La surveillance volcanique repose sur:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Les param\u00e8tres physiques:<\/em>\u00a0ils servent principalement \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les d\u00e9formations souterraines induites par les mouvements du magma (activit\u00e9 sismique; d\u00e9formation des sols; champs g\u00e9omagn\u00e9tique, gravim\u00e9trique et g\u00e9o\u00e9lectrique; niveau des eaux des sources et des lacs, etc).<\/li>\n<li><em>Les param\u00e8tres g\u00e9ochimiques:<\/em>\u00a0ils servent principalement \u00e0 d\u00e9tecter les modifications du magma expliquant sa progression vers la surface (des gaz, de l\u2019eau et de la lave sont analys\u00e9s pour d\u00e9terminer leur taux d\u2019\u00e9coulement et leur quantit\u00e9, ainsi que leur composition et leur temp\u00e9rature).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c0e8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3c0e8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"808\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11a.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1457\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11a.png 792w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11a-294x300.png 294w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11a-768x784.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Le r\u00e9seau de surveillance de l&rsquo;USGS dans le Parc National de Yellowstone. Source: United States Geological Survey<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e57407 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e57407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"709\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11c.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1462\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11c.png 709w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11c-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">R\u00e9seau de surveillance sismique du V\u00e9suve. Source: Vesuvius Observatory<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-833fee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"833fee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"713\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11d.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1467\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11d.png 803w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11d-300x266.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11d-768x682.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">R\u00e9seau g\u00e9od\u00e9sique (d\u00e9formation du sol) du V\u00e9suve. Source: Vesuvius Observatory<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bdcaba elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6bdcaba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"674\" height=\"801\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11e.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1472\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11e.png 674w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11e-252x300.png 252w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 674px) 100vw, 674px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">R\u00e9seau de gravim\u00e9trie (diff\u00e9rences de densit\u00e9 des corps souterrains) du V\u00e9suve. Source: Vesuvius Observatory<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b5717f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b5717f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>En \u00e9tudiant les s\u00e9diments volcaniques, les scientifiques peuvent \u00e9tablir une carte indiquant les divers types de risques pr\u00e9visibles dans une zone donn\u00e9e en cas d\u2019\u00e9ruption (carte de probabilit\u00e9 des risques).<br \/>\nLa datation des s\u00e9diments volcaniques les aide \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer la fr\u00e9quence des \u00e9ruptions et la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9ruption pendant une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e (25, 50, 100 ou 1000 ans).<\/p>\n<p>Seule la surveillance \u00e0 long terme d\u2019un volcan permet de d\u00e9tecter les changements physiques et g\u00e9ochimiques susceptibles d\u2019annoncer une \u00e9ruption.<br \/>\nUne telle \u00e9valuation probabiliste des risques volcaniques permet aux scientifiques et aux acteurs du d\u00e9veloppement local d\u2019\u00e9tablir le ou les seuils de risque et aux autorit\u00e9s publiques de pr\u00e9voir les mesures \u00e0 prendre pour r\u00e9duire effectivement les risques.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1329\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1329\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Est-il possible de pr\u00e9venir les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1329\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1329\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7909\" class=\"elementor elementor-7909 elementor-1480\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-440022d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"440022d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25db8a7\" data-id=\"25db8a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c46180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c46180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>De toute \u00e9vidence, il n&rsquo;existe aucun moyen de pr\u00e9venir une si incroyable force de la nature telle qu&rsquo;une \u00e9ruption volcanique.<br \/>\nN\u00e9anmoins, ce qui est possible\u00a0de faire est de pr\u00e9venir les risques volcaniques \u00e0 travers des:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Mesures structurelles:<\/em>\u00a0elles comprennent la construction de murs et de barri\u00e8res de protection, le creusement de canaux pour d\u00e9tourner les coul\u00e9es de lave et de boue des zones d\u2019habitation, des infrastructures et des sites industriels ou agricoles, la consolidation des toitures afin de supporter le poids des cendres volcaniques,<\/li>\n<li><em>Mesures non-structurelles:<\/em>\u00a0elles incluent les activit\u00e9s de surveillance d\u2019un volcan, les politiques fonci\u00e8res visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire le risque pour la population et les campagnes d\u2019information et d\u2019\u00e9ducation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vu que le risque augmente avec la proximit\u00e9 du volcan, les communaut\u00e9s locales doivent d\u2019abord d\u00e9terminer le niveau de risque qu\u2019elles jugent acceptable au regard de leurs priorit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement. Evidemment, \u00eatre le plus loin possible d\u2019un volcan est la meilleure pr\u00e9vention \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard du risque volcanique.<\/p>\n<p>En s\u2019appuyant sur l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la probabilit\u00e9 d\u2019une \u00e9ruption dans un site donn\u00e9 avec une intensit\u00e9\u00a0donn\u00e9e (magnitude)\u00a0et pour une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e, les autorit\u00e9s nationales et locales peuvent d\u00e9finir des politiques de d\u00e9veloppement local, \u00e9tablir des plans d\u2019urgence, soutenir les forces de protection civile et promouvoir des comportements adapt\u00e9s parmi les habitants concernant la pr\u00e9vention\u00a0et pendant les situations d\u2019urgence.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f5e0c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0f5e0c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"819\" height=\"705\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11b.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1485\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11b.png 819w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11b-300x258.png 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG11b-768x661.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 819px) 100vw, 819px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">L&rsquo;impact de l&rsquo;\u00e9ruption du Mont V\u00e9suve en 79 apr\u00e8s J\u00e9sus Christ. Source: mod. de la Fig. 4-3 de J. Boer and D. Saunders, 2002, \u201cVolcanoes in Human History.\u00a0\u00bb<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13210\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13210\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Est-il possible d\u2019att\u00e9nuer l\u2019impact des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13210\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13210\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7911\" class=\"elementor elementor-7911 elementor-1491\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f86646d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f86646d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-50c84bc\" data-id=\"50c84bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e31442 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e31442\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les principaux moyens d\u2019att\u00e9nuer les effets des risques volcaniques reposent sur :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la pr\u00e9vision (cf question 8);<\/li>\n<li>la pr\u00e9vention (cf question 9);<\/li>\n<li>la pr\u00e9paration et la capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9action (planification et gestion des situations d\u2019urgence, exercices, aptitude \u00e0 faire face aux risques et promouvoir la r\u00e9silience).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La pr\u00e9paration comprend toutes les mesures visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des syst\u00e8mes sociaux expos\u00e9s \u00e0 des risques. Toutes les ressources disponibles sont prises en compte dans un plan con\u00e7u pour \u00eatre activ\u00e9 en cas d\u2019urgence : scientifiques, autorit\u00e9s, repr\u00e9sentants de la communaut\u00e9, m\u00e9dias, forces et organismes d\u2019intervention (par exemple\u00a0: \u00e9quipes de protection civile, police, volontaires, etc.), organisations et structures de sant\u00e9, secteur priv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Les communaut\u00e9s sont tenues constamment inform\u00e9es des risques et de leur \u00e9volution, afin de leur permettre de maintenir et renforcer leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 r\u00e9agir de mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate en cas d\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement volcanique (comportements individuels de pr\u00e9vention ad\u00e9quats et capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 suivre les instructions en cas d\u2019alerte).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44fe729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"44fe729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"661\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-12a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1496\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-12a.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-12a-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-12a-768x508.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Gestion du risque volcanique du Mont Rainier (Google Earth Overlay). Source: http:\/\/www.geographyalltheway.com\/igcse_geography\/natural_environments\/plate_tectonics\/igcse_volcanoes_manage.htm<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3ecb80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e3ecb80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"369\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG12b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1501\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG12b.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG12b-244x300.jpg 244w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Signal routier pour l&rsquo;\u00e9vacuation en cas d\u2019\u00e9ruption volcanique, pr\u00e8s du Mont Rainier (Washington, Etats-Unis). Source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Volcano_evacuation_route_sign.jpg<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. Que faire en cas d'\u00e9ruption volcanique?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13211\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7913\" class=\"elementor elementor-7913 elementor-1507\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d214bc6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d214bc6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e77a976\" data-id=\"e77a976\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8121211 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8121211\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Une premi\u00e8re r\u00e8gle essentielle est de conna\u00eetre l\u2019histoire des \u00e9ruptions volcaniques dans votre zone d\u2019habitation: tr\u00e8s souvent, les habitants n\u2019ont m\u00eame pas conscience de vivre dans une zone \u00e0 risques alors que la connaissance des risques existant dans une zone donn\u00e9e est la premi\u00e8re mesure de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 pour les personnes.<\/p>\n<p>Il faut rappeler que l&rsquo;al\u00e9a volcanique peut g\u00e9n\u00e9rer d&rsquo;autres al\u00e9as tels que: tremblements de terre, d\u00e9flagrations dirig\u00e9es, nuages et coul\u00e9es pyroclastiques, \u00e9jection de t\u00e9phra, de cendres volcaniques et de gaz volcaniques, coul\u00e9es de lave, coul\u00e9es boueuses (lahars), avalanches de d\u00e9bris, glissements de terrain, grands incendies et tsunamis.<\/p>\n<p>Si vous habitez dans une zone volcanique, vous devez:<\/p>\n<p><em>1. Avant une \u00e9ruption volcanique<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rester \u00e0 distance de la zone volcanique en activit\u00e9 ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00eatre au courant des plans d\u2019urgence mis en place par les autorit\u00e9s locales et nationales ;<\/li>\n<li>si vous habitez \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 d\u2019un volcan connu en activit\u00e9 ou endormi, se pr\u00e9parer \u00e0 \u00e9vacuer la zone rapidement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>2. Pendant une \u00e9ruption volcanique<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Respecter l\u2019ordre d\u2019\u00e9vacuation donn\u00e9 par les autorit\u00e9s et \u00e9vacuer imm\u00e9diatement la zone situ\u00e9e \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 du volcan afin d\u2019\u00e9viter les chutes de d\u00e9bris, les gaz br\u00fblants, les explosions lat\u00e9rales et les coul\u00e9es de lave.<\/li>\n<li>Chercher \u00e0 savoir si certaines personnes ont besoin d\u2019une aide particuli\u00e8re (enfants, personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, personnes handicap\u00e9es, bless\u00e9s).<\/li>\n<li>Etre attentif aux risques de coul\u00e9es boueuses et de glissements de terrain, notamment pr\u00e8s des cours d\u2019eau ou en cas de fortes pluies prolong\u00e9es. Comme les coul\u00e9es de boue peuvent se d\u00e9placer \u00e0 tr\u00e8s grande vitesse, \u00e9viter de traverser un pont ou un cours d\u2019eau lorsqu\u2019une coul\u00e9e boueuse approche. Eviter aussi les vall\u00e9es de cours d\u2019eau et les zones de basses terres.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>En cas de retomb\u00e9e de cendres<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Eviter les zones situ\u00e9es sous le vent par rapport au volcan;<\/li>\n<li>Ecouter la radio: l\u2019utilisation de postes de radio ou de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision \u00e0 piles est essentielle pour rester inform\u00e9 des derni\u00e8res instructions d\u2019urgence;<\/li>\n<li>Eviter tout contact direct avec les cendres volcaniques : essayer de r\u00e9duire la respiration, placer sur le visage un masque \u00e0 poussi\u00e8re ou une pi\u00e8ce de tissu humide afin de\u00a0 prot\u00e9ger les poumons, porter une chemise \u00e0 manches longues et des pantalons longs.<\/li>\n<li>Utiliser des lunettes de protection (prot\u00e9geant la zone des yeux) afin d\u2019emp\u00eacher le contact direct avec des particules ou substances chimiques et si n\u00e9cessaire, porter des lunettes normales au lieu de lentilles de contact;<\/li>\n<li>Rester \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce que la cendre volcanique se soit d\u00e9pos\u00e9e et s&rsquo;assurer qu\u2019il n\u2019y ait pas de risque d\u2019effondrement des toitures en balayant les cendres lourdes des toitures plates ou basses et dans les goutti\u00e8res;<\/li>\n<li>Fermer les portes, les fen\u00eatres et toutes les voies d\u2019a\u00e9ration de la maison (chemin\u00e9e, chaudi\u00e8res, syst\u00e8mes de climatisation, ventilateurs et autres a\u00e9rations);<\/li>\n<li>Eviter de conduire en cas de fortes pluies de cendres et si il est absolument n\u00e9cessaire de prendre le volant, rouler lentement (&lt; 40-50 km\/h);<\/li>\n<li>Eviter de faire marcher les moteurs de voiture ou de camion car la cendre volcanique peut les bloquer et endommager certaines pi\u00e8ces mobiles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>3. Apr\u00e8s une \u00e9ruption volcanique<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Se renseigner aupr\u00e8s des autorit\u00e9s pour savoir si l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019urgence est termin\u00e9 et respecter leurs instructions pour le retour dans la zone affect\u00e9e.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cd85b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8cd85b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"235\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1512\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG13.jpg 235w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG13-86x300.jpg 86w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Mont Rainier \u2014 Vivre en s\u00e9curit\u00e9 avec un volcan dans votre arri\u00e8re-cour. Source: http:\/\/www.geographyalltheway.com\/igcse_geography\/natural_environments\/plate_tectonics\/igcse_volcanoes_manage.htm<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-13212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-13212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. Quels types de cartes existent sur les \u00e9ruptions volcaniques?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-13212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-13212\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7915\" class=\"elementor elementor-7915 elementor-1518\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da740f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da740f9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9f9364d\" data-id=\"9f9364d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3eccb02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3eccb02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Il existe plusieurs types de cartes sur les risques volcaniques :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Les cartes scientifiques :<\/em>\u00a0elles offrent une description scientifique de la structure g\u00e9ologique et des donn\u00e9es volcanologiques (types de roches, failles, morphologie, points d\u2019\u00e9mission de gaz, sources d\u2019eau chaude, etc.). La carte sur l&rsquo;al\u00e9a volcanique (qui indique l\u2019emplacement des al\u00e9as plus probables) est la carte scientifique la plus importante elle sert de base aux plans de d\u00e9veloppement et aux plans d\u2019urgence \u00e9tablis par les autorit\u00e9s ;<\/li>\n<li><em>Les cartes des plans d\u2019urgence:<\/em>\u00a0elles d\u00e9crivent les zones d\u2019impact, les \u00e9l\u00e9ments \u00e0 risque, les voies d\u2019\u00e9vacuation\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><em>Les cartes d\u2019am\u00e9nagement du territoire:<\/em>\u00a0elles indiquent les fonctions et les politiques \u00e0 prendre en compte dans les diff\u00e9rentes zones\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li><em>Les cartes sur les risques et les ressources \u00e9tablies par les communaut\u00e9s locales\u00a0:<\/em>\u00a0description faite par ces communaut\u00e9s (\u00e9coles, organisations) des risques correspondants et des ressources existantes (\u00e9quipes de protection civile, points de rencontre, sites s\u00fbrs, etc.) afin d&rsquo;accro\u00eetre la sensibilisation de la population.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories de cartes peuvent en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00eatre obtenues aupr\u00e8s :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>des autorit\u00e9s locales : municipalit\u00e9s, pr\u00e9fectures, services de protection civile ;<\/li>\n<li>des universit\u00e9s, des centres scientifiques et des observatoires volcanologiques ;<\/li>\n<li>des organisations locales de citoyens.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans certains cas, l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 certaines donn\u00e9es particuli\u00e8rement sensibles contenues dans les cartes des plans d&rsquo;urgence peut \u00eatre limit\u00e9 car elles doivent \u00eatre g\u00e9r\u00e9es uniquement par les autorit\u00e9s et les structures op\u00e9rationnelles en cas de crise (par exemple celles li\u00e9es aux banques, aux centres de sant\u00e9, aux infrastructures strat\u00e9giques importantes, aux sites militaires, aux industries, &#8230;).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-751853f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"751853f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"437\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1523\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14a.jpg 437w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14a-300x220.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Carte de risque du volcan Merapi, Indon\u00e9sie. Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM). Source: http:\/\/miavita.brgm.fr\/pressroom\/Pages\/ayearafterthe2010Merapieruption.aspx<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540dd1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"540dd1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"592\" height=\"477\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14b.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1528\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14b.jpg 592w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14b-300x242.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 592px) 100vw, 592px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Carte simplifi\u00e9e de zonage d&rsquo;al\u00e9a volcanique pour le Mont Hood, Oregon. Pour plus d&rsquo;information sur les zones d&rsquo;al\u00e9a, voir le texte ou pour une carte d\u00e9taill\u00e9e voir Scott et al., 1997, Volcano Hazards in the Mount Hood Region, Oregon, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-89. Source: http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/fs\/2000\/fs060-00\/<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cedcf8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cedcf8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"444\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/VOLC-FIG14c.gif\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-1533\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Carte d&rsquo;al\u00e9a volcanique pourle volcan de Rincon de la Vieja, NE Costa Rica. Source: http:\/\/www.geo.utexas.edu\/faculty\/barker\/kempter\/hazards.html<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Risques Naturels Eruption volcanique Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le\u00a0\u200bCERG &#8211; European Centre on Geomorphological Hazards &#8211; Strasbourg, France &amp; the Editorial Board Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9crits comme des ouvertures dans la cro\u00fbte terrestre, \u00e0 travers lesquels la roche en fusion, des cendres et des gaz sont \u00e9mis. Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre actifs ou inactifs. Les volcans [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8883,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Eruption volcanique - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/volcanic-eruptions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Eruption volcanique - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Risques Naturels Eruption volcanique Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le\u00a0\u200bCERG &#8211; European Centre on Geomorphological Hazards &#8211; Strasbourg, France &amp; the Editorial Board Les volcans peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9crits comme des ouvertures dans la cro\u00fbte terrestre, \u00e0 travers lesquels la roche en fusion, des cendres et des gaz sont \u00e9mis. 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