{"id":8780,"date":"2020-12-04T07:01:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T07:01:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/tsunami\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T13:56:25","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T12:56:25","slug":"tsunami","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/fr\/hazards\/tsunami\/","title":{"rendered":"Tsunami"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Risques Naturels<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tsunami<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le\u00a0\u200bCERG – European Centre on Geomorphological Hazards – Strasbourg, France & the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Un tsunami (mot japonais qui signifie \u00ab vague portuaire \u00bb) est une des forces de la nature les plus terrifiantes. Sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une force d\u2019impulsion qui s\u2019exerce dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an, une masse d\u2019eau se met en mouvement, cr\u00e9ant une s\u00e9rie de vagues caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par une longueur d\u2019onde extr\u00eamement importante et une p\u00e9riode longue.
\nUn tsunami est compos\u00e9 de 5 \u00e0 6 vagues dont la premi\u00e8re est appel\u00e9e petite vague. La deuxi\u00e8me et la troisi\u00e8me vagues sont de tr\u00e8s grosses vagues qui causent d\u2019\u00e9normes d\u00e9g\u00e2ts.<\/p>\n

Pour plus d’informations sur les Tsunamis, cliquez\u00a0<\/strong>ICI<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1. Comment d\u00e9finir un tsunami?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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Un tsunami (mot japonais qui signifie \u00ab vague portuaire \u00bb) est une des forces de la nature les plus terrifiantes. Sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une force d\u2019impulsion qui s\u2019exerce dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an, une masse d\u2019eau se met en mouvement, cr\u00e9ant une s\u00e9rie de vagues caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par une longueur d\u2019onde extr\u00eamement importante et une p\u00e9riode longue. Le tsunami est compos\u00e9 de 5 \u00e0 6 vagues dont la premi\u00e8re est appel\u00e9e petite vague. La deuxi\u00e8me et la troisi\u00e8me vagues sont de tr\u00e8s grosses vagues qui causent d\u2019\u00e9normes d\u00e9g\u00e2ts.<\/p>\n

En mer, la hauteur des vagues d\u2019un tsunami est inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 60 cm et n\u2019est pas visible d\u2019un a\u00e9ronef ou d\u2019un navire. En revanche, leur longueur, qui d\u00e9passe souvent 160 km, est bien sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la profondeur de l\u2019eau sur lequel elles se d\u00e9placent. Le tableau 1 compare les caract\u00e9ristiques respectives des vagues de vent et des vagues de tsunami. Lorsque la profondeur de l\u2019oc\u00e9an est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 6 000 m\u00e8tres, les vagues de tsunami, \u00e0 peine visibles, atteignent la vitesse d\u2019un avion commercial, soit plus de 800 km par heure. Elles peuvent se d\u00e9placer d\u2019une rive de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Pacifique \u00e0 l\u2019autre en moins d\u2019une journ\u00e9e. Il est donc tr\u00e8s important de rep\u00e9rer le tsunami d\u00e8s son origine. Les tsunamis se d\u00e9placent beaucoup moins rapidement dans les eaux littorales moins profondes, o\u00f9 leurs vagues commencent \u00e0 grossir d\u2019une mani\u00e8re spectaculaire.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Tsunami-wave-characteristics\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Tableau 1: Vitesse et longueur d\u2019onde des vagues de tsunami<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1.1 More information Tsunami generation and propagation<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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Generation of Tsunamis<\/strong><\/p>

Once the event which initiates the tsunami occurs the potential energy that results from pushing water above mean sea level is then transferred to horizontal propagation of the tsunami wave (kinetic energy). The return of the sea level to its normal position generates a series of waves propagating in all directions from the initially deformed area.<\/p>

Propagation of Tsunamis<\/strong>\u00a0The speed at which the tsunami travels depends on the water depth. If the water depth decreases, tsunami speed decreases. In the mid-Pacific, where the water depths reach 4.5 kilometers, tsunami speeds can be more than 900 kilometers per hour. Refraction and diffraction of waves are important to the tsunami propagation.<\/p>

Refraction<\/strong>\u00a0Consider progressive waves with wavelengths much larger than the water depths over which they propagate. These are called shallowwater or long waves. Because the waves are long, different parts of the wave might be over widely varying depths (especially in coastal areas) at a given instant. As depth determines the velocity of long waves, different parts travel with different velocities, causing the waves to bend, and this is called wave refraction. (Shallower the water depth, less is the velocity.)<\/p>

Diffraction<\/strong>\u00a0Diffraction can be considered as the bending of waves around objects. It is this kind of movement that allows waves to move past barriers into harbors as energy moves laterally along the crest of the wave. Offshore and coastal features can therefore determine the size and impact of tsunami waves. Reefs, bays, entrances to rivers, undersea features and the slope of the beach all help to modify the tsunami as it attacks the coastline. When the tsunami reaches the coast and moves inland, the water level can rise many meters. In extreme cases, water level has risen to more than 15 m for tsunamis of distant origin and over 30 m for tsunami waves generated near the earthquake\u2019s epicenter. Since the first wave may not be the largest in the series of waves, one coastal community may see no damaging wave activity while in another nearby community destructive waves can be large and violent. The flooding can extend inland by 300 m or more, covering large expanses of land with water and debris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2. Quels sont les principaux types de tsunami?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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Il n\u2019existe pas un seul type de tsunami, car chaque tsunami est diff\u00e9rent, mais ils ont tous une caract\u00e9ristique commune : ils contiennent une quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9nergie ph\u00e9nom\u00e9nale, ce qui les rend uniques, m\u00eame si on les compare aux vents de vague les plus puissantes.<\/p>\n

Les tsunamis peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9s cependant par selon les m\u00e9canismes de leur cr\u00e9ation: tsunamis cr\u00e9\u00e9s par un s\u00e9isme, une \u00e9ruption volcanique, un glissement de terrain et un impact (un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde par exemple). On distingue \u00e9galement, selon l\u2019\u00e9loignement des c\u00f4tes du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u00e9clencheur et son emplacement, les tsunamis cr\u00e9\u00e9s \u00e0 distance et les tsunamis\u00a0locaux.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.1 Distant and locally generated tsunamis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t

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When a tsunami travels a long distance across the ocean, the sphericity of the Earth must be considered to determine the effects of the tsunami on a distant shoreline. Waves which diverge near their source will converge again at a point on the opposite side of the ocean. An example of this was the 1960 tsunami whose source was on the Chilean coastline, 39.5S., 74.5 W. The coast of japan lies between 30 and 45N. and about 135 to 140 E., a difference of 145 to 150 longitude from the source area. As a result of the convergence of unrefracted wave rays, the coast of japan suffered substantial damage and many deaths occurred.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 5 Convergence of tsunami rays generated by the 1960 Chilean earthquake<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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As a tsunami approaches a coastline, the waves are modified by the various offshore and coastal features. Submerged ridges and reefs, the continental shelf, headlands, the shapes of bays, and the steepness of the beach slope may modify the wave height, cause wave resonance, reflect wave energy, and\/or cause the waves to form bores which surge onto the shoreline.<\/p>

Ocean ridges provide very little protection to a coastline. While some amount of the energy in a tsunami might reflect from the ridge, the major part of the energy will be transmitted across the ridge and onto the coastline. The 1960 tsunami which orignated along the coast of Chile is an example of this. That tsunami had large wave heights along the entire coast of Japan, including the islands of Shikoku and Kyushu which lie behind the South Honshu Ridge.<\/p>

Locally generated Tsunamis<\/strong><\/p>

When a locally generated tsunami occurs, it impacts coastal areas a very short time after the event which produced the tsunami (earthquake, submarine volcanic eruption or landslide). Lapses as short as two minutes have been observed between the earthquake’s occurrence and the tsunami arrival to the closest shore. Because of this, a tsunami warning system is useless in this type of event and we should not expect instructions from an established system to react and keep us safe from the possible tsunami impact. This operation incapability of the warning systems is further increased by the communications and systems collapse generated by the earthquake. Hence, it is necessary to prepared in advance a proper response plan in case of a tsunami.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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L\u2019impulsion qui est \u00e0 l\u2019origine des tsunamis peut \u00eatre provoqu\u00e9e par un glissement de terrain, une \u00e9ruption volcanique et un impact d\u2019objet extra-terrestre (m\u00e9t\u00e9orites, ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes et com\u00e8tes), mais ils sont la plupart du temps d\u00e9clench\u00e9s par des s\u00e9ismes sous-marins.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un tsunami<\/u>
\nD\u00e8s que le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne m\u00e9canique qui d\u00e9clenche le tsunami se produit, l\u2019\u00e9nergie potentielle qui r\u00e9sulte de la pouss\u00e9e de l\u2019eau au-dessus du niveau moyen de la mer se transforme en propagation horizontale de la vague de tsunami (\u00e9nergie cin\u00e9tique). Le retour du niveau de la mer \u00e0 sa position normale cr\u00e9e une s\u00e9rie de vagues qui se propage dans toutes les directions \u00e0 partir de la zone initialement d\u00e9form\u00e9e (Figure 1).<\/p>\n

Propagation d\u2019un tsunami<\/u>
\nLa vitesse \u00e0 laquelle se d\u00e9place un tsunami d\u00e9pend de la profondeur de l\u2019eau. Si celle-ci diminue, la vitesse du tsunami augmente. Au milieu du Pacifique, o\u00f9 les profondeurs atteignent 4,5 km, la vitesse d\u2019un tsunami peut d\u00e9passer 900 kilom\u00e8tres par heure. La r\u00e9fraction et la diffraction des vagues sont importantes pour la propagation du tsunami.<\/p>\n

TSUNAMI D\u00c9CLENCH\u00c9 PAR UN S\u00c9ISME<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les tsunamis d\u00e9clench\u00e9s par un s\u00e9isme se produisent lorsque le fond de la mer d\u00e9forme ou d\u00e9place brutalement la couche d\u2019eau qui le recouvre de sa position d\u2019\u00e9quilibre (Figure 1). Cependant, tous les s\u00e9ismes ne produisent pas de tsunamis. Pour d\u00e9clencher un tsunami, la faille o\u00f9 le s\u00e9isme se produit doit \u00eatre sous l\u2019oc\u00e9an, ou proche de celui-ci, et cr\u00e9er un mouvement vertical du fonds marin (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 plusieurs m\u00e8tres) sur une zone importante (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 cent mille kilom\u00e8tres carr\u00e9s). Les s\u00e9ismes qui se produisent \u00e0 faible profondeur (moins de 70 km) le long des zones de subduction (o\u00f9 une plaque oc\u00e9anique glisse sous une plaque continentale ou une autre plaque oc\u00e9anique plus jeune) sont responsables des tsunamis les plus destructeurs.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 1: D\u00e9clenchement d\u2019un tsunami d\u00fb \u00e0 un tremblement de terre (Source:http:\/\/ioc.unesco.org\/itsu)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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TSUNAMI D\u00c9CLENCH\u00c9 PAR UN GLISSEMENT DE TERRAIN<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les glissements de terrain (sous-marins et suba\u00e9riens), qui se produisent souvent pendant un s\u00e9isme d\u2019envergure, peuvent aussi cr\u00e9er un tsunami. Pendant un glissement de terrain sous-marin, l\u2019\u00e9quilibre du niveau de la mer est modifi\u00e9 par les s\u00e9diments qui se d\u00e9placent sur le fond de la mer.<\/p>\n

TSUNAMI D\u00c9CLENCH\u00c9 PAR UNE \u00c9RUPTION VOLCANIQUE<\/strong><\/p>\n

Une \u00e9ruption volcanique marine violente peut aussi cr\u00e9er une force d\u2019impulsion qui d\u00e9place la colonne d\u2019eau et d\u00e9clenche un tsunami.<\/p>\n

TSUNAMIS D\u00c9CLENCH\u00c9 PAR UN IMPACT<\/strong><\/p>\n

Fort heureusement, il est rare qu\u2019un m\u00e9t\u00e9orite ou un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde s\u2019\u00e9crase sur la terre. \u00c0 ce jour, aucune archive humaine ne fait \u00e9tat d\u2019un tsunami qui aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clench\u00e9 par un m\u00e9t\u00e9orite ou un ast\u00e9ro\u00efde. Il existe cependant des preuves de la chute de m\u00e9t\u00e9orites et d\u2019ast\u00e9ro\u00efdes sur notre plan\u00e8te. Certains ont termin\u00e9 leur course dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an ou la mer, car notre plan\u00e8te est recouverte au quatre cinqui\u00e8me d\u2019eau. Leur chute dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an peut d\u00e9clencher des tsunamis ayant des cons\u00e9quences cataclysmiques.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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One of the most destructive tsunamis in recent history was generated along Chile’s coast by an earthquake in May 22, 1960 (Figure 2). Every coastal town between latitudes 36S and 44S was destroyed or severely damaged by the action of the tsunami and the earthquake. In Chile, the double combination of earthquake and tsunami produced more than 2,000 deaths, 3,000 injured, two million homeless, and damage worth $550 million (US). The tsunami caused 61 deaths in Hawaii, 20 in the Philippines, 3 in Okinawa, and more than 100 in Japan. The height of the waves ranged from 13 meters at Pitcairn Islands, 12 meters at Hilo, Hawaii, and 7 meters at several places in Japan, to minor oscillations in other areas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 2 Area affected by the tsunami of May 22, 1960. (source: http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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One of the most interesting landslide generated tsunamis happened in 1958 where about 81 million tones of ice and rock crashed into Lituya Bay, Alaska, Fifuren3). An earthquake had shaken the enormous mass loose. The landslide created a tsunami which sped across the bay. Waves splashed up to an astonishing height of 350 to 500 metres – the highest waves ever recorded. They scrubbed the mountain slope clean of all trees and shrubs. Miraculously, only two fishermen were killed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 3 Lituya Bay, Alaska (http:\/\/www.usc.edu\/dept\/tsunamis)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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In 1883, a series of volcanic eruptions at Krakatau in Indonesia created a powerful tsunami. As it rushed towards the islands of Java and Sumatra, it sank more than 5,000 boats and washed away many small islands. Waves as high as a 12-story buildings wiped out nearly 300 villages and killed more than 36,000 people. Scientist believe that the seismic waves traveled two or three times around the Earth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Figure 4 Krakatau island evolution during volcanic eruptions (\u201cI invite you to know the earth\u201d, education material prepared by Chilean government and UNESCO-IOC, http:\/\/www.ioc-tsunami.org<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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In 1997, scientists discovered evidence of an asteroid with a four kilometre (2.5 mile) diameter that landed offshore of Chile approximately two million years ago, producing a huge tsunami that swept over portions of South America and Antarctica. Scientists have concluded that the impact of a moderately large asteroid, five to six kilometres (three to four miles) in diameter, falling between the Hawaiian islands and the west coast of North America would produce a tsunami that would attack cities on the west coasts of Canada, the United States and Mexico and would cover most of the inhabited coastal areas of the Hawaiian islands. (\u201cTsunami Teacher\u201d, Educational material prepared by UNESCO-IOC www.unesco.org)<\/p>

It has not happened, but conceivably, a tsunami could also be generated by very large nuclear explosions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Le Pacifique est de loin la zone o\u00f9 les tsunamis sont les plus actifs selon l\u2019administration am\u00e9ricaine charg\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9tude des oc\u00e9ans et de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re (NOAA, www.noaa.gov). Mais les tsunamis ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clench\u00e9s dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions marines ou oc\u00e9aniques comme la mer des Cara\u00efbes, la mer M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien et l\u2019oc\u00e9an Atlantique. Parmi les tsunamis notables de l\u2019Atlantique nord figure le tsunami associ\u00e9 au s\u00e9isme qui s\u2019est produit \u00e0 Lisbonne en 1 775 et qui a entra\u00een\u00e9 la mort de plus de 60 000 personnes au Portugal, en Espagne et en Afrique du Nord. Ce s\u00e9isme a d\u00e9clench\u00e9 un tsunami d\u2019une hauteur de 7 m\u00e8tres dans les Cara\u00efbes.<\/p>\n

Les Cara\u00efbes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 touch\u00e9es par 37 tsunamis v\u00e9rifi\u00e9s depuis 1 498. Certains ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clench\u00e9s localement, d\u2019autres par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements \u00e9loign\u00e9s, comme le s\u00e9isme qui s\u2019est produit pr\u00e8s du Portugal. Au total, les tsunamis qui ont eu lieu dans les Cara\u00efbes ont fait 9 500 victimes.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9gion englobant la mer M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, la mer Noire et la mer Rouge est la deuxi\u00e8me source de tsunamis apr\u00e8s le Pacifique. Pr\u00e8s de 98 tsunamis y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9s. Les syst\u00e8mes d\u2019alerte de cette r\u00e9gion ont pour but de contribuer \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les effets des tsunamis locaux qui peuvent toucher le littoral en moins de dix minutes. Le tsunami qui est peut-\u00eatre le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre, bien qu\u2019il n\u2019ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 v\u00e9rifi\u00e9, concerne la disparition de l\u2019\u00eele de Santorini en 1 400 avant J\u00e9sus-Christ. Il aurait caus\u00e9 la mort de 100 000 personnes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The devastating mega thrust earthquake (Indonesia\/ Nicobar\/ Andaman\/ Sumatra Earthquake) of December 26, 2004, occurred on Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:53 GMT (7:58:53 AM local time at epicenter) with Mw=9.0 NEIC Epicenter Latitude 3.32 North, Longitude 95.85 East (USGS) or 3.09N, 94.26E southwest Banda Aceh in Northern Sumatra (Borrero, 2005). The earthquake has also triggered giant tsunami and the tsunami waves that propagated throughout the Indian Ocean and have caused extreme inundation and extensive damage, loss of property and life along the coasts of 12 surrounding counties in the Indian Ocean. The loss of lives has also been extended to the people from totally 27 countries from other parts of the world. (www.yalciner.metu.edu.tr\/malaysia).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The sea state at 5, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, 420, 480, 600 minutes in Indian Ocean (www.yalciner.metu.edu.tr\/malaysia)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Les destructions caus\u00e9es par les tsunamis d\u00e9coulent principalement de l\u2019impact des vagues, des inondations et de l\u2019\u00e9rosion des fondations des b\u00e2timents, des ponts et des routes. Les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts sont amplifi\u00e9s par les d\u00e9bris flottants, les bateaux et les voitures qui s\u2019\u00e9crasent sur les b\u00e2timents. Des courants violents, parfois associ\u00e9s aux tsunamis, renforcent le pouvoir de destruction en emportant les allingues, les p\u00e9niches et les bateaux au mouillage. D\u2019autres d\u00e9g\u00e2ts sont observ\u00e9s, notamment des incendies li\u00e9s aux fuites de carburant ainsi que la pollution caus\u00e9e par les eaux us\u00e9es et les produits chimiques. Ces d\u00e9g\u00e2ts entra\u00eenent des pertes nombreuses : humaines, socio-\u00e9conomiques, environnementales, culturelles et patrimoniales.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\tOne of the major consequences of tsunami is the loss of human life. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami destructively struck 12 countries \u2013 Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh and, in Africa, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and the Seychelles \u2013 causing unprecedented destruction in terms of scale and geographical distribution. Most of the coasts the tsunami swamped were home to poor coastal communities, and it destroyed basic services, critical infrastructure, administrative capacity and livelihoods. Most shocking was the Indian Ocean tsunami\u2019s death toll, which was by far the highest in recorded history. Worst hit was Indonesia, followed by Sri Lanka and India. Only major earthquakes and diseases and wars have claimed more human lives (Table 1).\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Country<\/th>\nDead<\/th>\nMissing<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
Indonesia<\/td>\n125,598<\/td>\n94,574<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Thailand<\/td>\n5,395<\/td>\n3,001<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Sri Lanka<\/td>\n30,957<\/td>\n5,637<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
India<\/td>\n10,749<\/td>\n5,640<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Myanmar<\/td>\n61 \u00ad<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maldives<\/td>\n82<\/td>\n26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Malaysia<\/td>\n68<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Somalia<\/td>\n298<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Tanzania<\/td>\n10<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bangladesh<\/td>\n2<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Kenya<\/td>\n1<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
TOTAL<\/td>\n173,221<\/td>\n108,878<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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There are three factors of destructions from tsunamis: inundation, wave impact on structures, and erosion. Agricultural areas are fully flooded and destroyed beyond recovery for many years to come. Strong, tsunami-induced currents lead to the erosion of foundations and the collapse of bridges and seawalls, infrastructures. Flotation and drag forces move houses and overturn railroad cars. Considerable damage is caused by the resultant floating debris, including boats and cars that become dangerous projectiles that may crash into buildings, break power lines, and may start fires. Fires from damaged ships in ports or from ruptured coastal oil storage tanks and refinery facilities can cause damage greater than that inflicted directly by the tsunami. Of increasing concern is the potential effect of tsunami draw down, when receding waters uncover cooling water intakes of nuclear power plants. For 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami total destruction figures are presented below:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Destruction figures for 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami (source: \u201cTsunami Teacher\u201d, www.unesco.org)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Tsunami impacts on the environment in many ways, from the death of marine life to the destruction of livestock, plant life and the impact on geological features as well as damage to mangroves, coral reefs and vegetation. Of great concern are damage to marine habitats and the impacts on coastal towns that are intertwined with fragile marine systems.<\/p>

Tsunami-induced environmental problems include:<\/p>