{"id":8808,"date":"2020-12-04T08:50:39","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T08:50:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/ouragans-et-ondes-de-tempete\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:10:53","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:10:53","slug":"hurricanes-and-storm-surges","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/fr\/hazards\/hurricanes-and-storm-surges\/","title":{"rendered":"Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8808\" class=\"elementor elementor-8808 elementor-3583\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b74f88 heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b74f88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4e79f7\" data-id=\"c4e79f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0164d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0164d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risques Naturels<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-495449d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"495449d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb5422\" data-id=\"cdb5422\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6021392 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6021392\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845b8eb small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"845b8eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Prepar\u00e9 par ICoD &#8211; Centre Euro-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en sur la dynamique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re insulaire &#8211; (La Vallette, Malte)<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea428f7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea428f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Un ouragan est un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;orages violents avec des vents forts qui circulent autour d&rsquo;un secteur de basse pression appel\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u0153il. La pression d&rsquo;air s&rsquo;\u00e9coule de la pression plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e vers la plus basse pression, mais pas en ligne droite parce que la surface de la Terre tourne \u00e0 des vitesses diff\u00e9rentes (plus rapide \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9quateur, plus lentement pr\u00e8s des p\u00f4les); en fait, elle tourne vers l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant la forme typique de temp\u00eate cyclonique associ\u00e9e \u00e0 un ouragan.<\/p>\n<p>Une onde de temp\u00eate est un rehaussement du niveau de l\u2019oc\u00e9an sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui qui est attendu des mar\u00e9es astronomiques et qui est caus\u00e9 par une temp\u00eate passag\u00e8re.<\/p>\n<p>Une r\u00e9duction de la pression atmosph\u00e9rique d\u2019un millibar fait augmenter le niveau de l\u2019eau d\u2019environ 1 cm (effet barom\u00e9trique inverse) tandis que la friction caus\u00e9e par le vent sur la surface de la mer pousse l\u2019eau vers la c\u00f4te et la contrainte sur la surface de la mer par le vent est mesur\u00e9 en tant que force horizontale par unit\u00e9 de surface. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une fonction de la vitesse du vent et de la densit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;air.<\/p>\n<p>La force et la direction jouent un r\u00f4le important dans l&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9vation de la surface de la mer, car les vents qui soufflent vers une c\u00f4te produisent une augmentation de la mer beaucoup plus importante que les vents au large.<br \/>\nEn outre, les effets du vent augmentent inversement \u00e0 la profondeur de l&rsquo;eau, les zones maritimes peu profondes telles que le Bangladesh ayant des surtensions amplifi\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Les ondes sont les principales causes de l&rsquo;\u00e9rosion c\u00f4ti\u00e8re et de la mort par noyade suite \u00e0 des inondations. Les ondes de temp\u00eate sont affect\u00e9es par un certain nombre de variables qui incluent les vents, la forme du littoral, la profondeur de l&rsquo;eau pr\u00e8s de la c\u00f4te et la taille et structure de la temp\u00eate.<br \/>\nIl y a un besoin urgent pour les pays d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer ces param\u00e8tres, en particulier pour les c\u00f4tes vuln\u00e9rables aux ondes de temp\u00eate.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01b6f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"01b6f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019une onde de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7943\" class=\"elementor elementor-7943 elementor-3605\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b45a97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b45a97\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1a6efb\" data-id=\"d1a6efb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db663ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db663ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Une onde de temp\u00eate est un rehaussement du niveau de l\u2019oc\u00e9an sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui qui est attendu des mar\u00e9es astronomiques et qui est caus\u00e9 par une temp\u00eate. Une r\u00e9duction de la pression atmosph\u00e9rique d\u2019un millibar fait augmenter le niveau de l\u2019eau d\u2019environ 1 cm (effet barom\u00e9trique inverse) tandis que la friction caus\u00e9e par le vent sur la surface de la mer pousse l\u2019eau vers la c\u00f4te. Cette force horizontale est mesur\u00e9e par unit\u00e9 de surface. Elle est fonction de la vitesse du vent et de la densit\u00e9 de l\u2019air.<\/p>\n<p>La force et la direction du vent jouent un grand r\u00f4le dans l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation de la surface de la mer, car les vents qui soufflent en direction de la c\u00f4te produisent une augmentation du niveau de la mer tr\u00e8s sup\u00e9rieure aux vents de terre. En outre, les effets produits par le vent augmentent en proportion inverse de la profondeur de l\u2019eau. Au Bangladesh, par exemple, la faible profondeur des fonds littoraux a amplifi\u00e9 les ondes de temp\u00eate. Celles-ci sont la cause principale de l\u2019\u00e9rosion c\u00f4ti\u00e8re et de la mort par noyade lors des inondations.<\/p>\n<p>Les ondes de temp\u00eate sont soumises \u00e0 un certain nombre de variables, dont le vent, la configuration du littoral, la profondeur des fonds littoraux ainsi que l\u2019ampleur et la structure de la temp\u00eate. Les pays doivent imp\u00e9rativement \u00e9valuer ces param\u00e8tres, en particulier pour les c\u00f4tes qui sont vuln\u00e9rables \u00e0 une onde de temp\u00eate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ampleur et structure d\u2019une temp\u00eate<\/strong><br \/>\nLes orages tropicaux, associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des vents qui soufflent autour d\u2019un \u00ab \u0153il \u00bb de basse pression \u00e9gale ou sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 120 kilom\u00e8tres par heure, d\u00e9clenchent souvent, lorsqu\u2019ils gagnent le littoral, des inondations dues \u00e0 des ondes de temp\u00eate. Ces temp\u00eates sont d\u00e9sign\u00e9es par des noms diff\u00e9rents l\u00e0 o\u00f9 elles se produisent. Ainsi, un violent cyclone tropical (qui est le terme g\u00e9n\u00e9rique d\u00e9crivant un syst\u00e8me de basse pression d\u2019\u00e9chelle synoptique, non frontal, qui prend naissance au-dessus des eaux tropicales ou sous-tropicales et pr\u00e9sente une convection organis\u00e9e (par exemple, une activit\u00e9 orageuse) et une circulation cyclonique caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e du vent de surface (**)) peut aussi \u00eatre appel\u00e9 ouragan ou typhon.<br \/>\n(** Holland, G.J. (1993): \u00ab\u00a0Ready Reckoner\u00a0\u00bb, chapter 9, Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting, WMO\/TC-No. 560, Report No. TCP-31, World Meteorological Organization; Geneva, Switzerland).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00ab cyclone tropical \u00bb (sud-ouest de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an indien);<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab fort cyclone tropical \u00bb (Pacifique sud-ouest \u00e0 l\u2019ouest du 160E, sud-ouest de l\u2019Oc\u00e9an indien \u00e0 l\u2019est du 90E) ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab ouragan \u00bb (Atlantique nord, Pacifique nord-est \u00e0 l\u2019est de la ligne de changement de date, Pacifique sud \u00e0 l\u2019est du 160E) ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab typhon \u00bb (Pacifique nord-ouest \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de la ligne de changement de date) ;<\/li>\n<li>\u00ab forte temp\u00eate tropicale \u00bb (nord de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(source: Laboratoire oc\u00e9anographique et m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique atlantique (AOML) \/ Administration nationale charg\u00e9e de l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et des oc\u00e9ans (NOAA) &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aoml.noaa.gov\/hrd\/tcfaq\/A1.html\">http:\/\/www.aoml.noaa.gov\/hrd\/tcfaq\/A1.html<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>La tr\u00e8s grande diff\u00e9rence de pression qui existe entre les couches ext\u00e9rieures et l\u2019\u0153il de la temp\u00eate de ces syst\u00e8mes de basse pression produit des vents violents qui tournent autour et se dirigent vers le centre de la temp\u00eate. Dans l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re nord, les vents qui circulent autour d\u2019un ouragan tournent dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d\u2019une montre. Dans l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud, ils tournent en sens contraire. C\u2019est le r\u00e9sultat de l\u2019effet Coriolis (qui est une cons\u00e9quence de la rotation de la Terre).<\/p>\n<p>Au centre de l\u2019ouragan, on peut trouver une zone circulaire de vents calmes et de vents cl\u00e9ments (allant de 5 \u00e0 50 kilom\u00e8tres de diam\u00e8tre, selon la taille de l\u2019ouragan). L\u2019\u0153il de la temp\u00eate est ceintur\u00e9 par un \u00ab mur de l\u2019\u0153il \u00bb entour\u00e9 de vents violents en forme de spirales et de pluies torrentielles. Sur les bords de l\u2019ouragan, les vitesses des vents sont plus mod\u00e9r\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-681b492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"681b492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.1 Tropical cyclones<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3607\" class=\"elementor elementor-3607\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2634e51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2634e51\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e565aec\" data-id=\"e565aec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de7a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1de7a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>When the atmospheric pressure in an offshore area is lower than its surroundings it produces an area under the influence of a low pressure weather system.<\/p><p>The low pressure cells + strong winds + atmospheric lift result in cyclonic storms.<\/p><p>Tropical or \u2018equatorial cyclones\u2019 are so named due to their origin being largely in the Tropics.<\/p><p>Formation is characteristically in moist (maritime) and warm (tropical) air masses. The process of rising moist (maritime) air produces heat that gives rise to condensation of the water vapour in the moist air. This in turn generates tropical cyclones. Such storms are characterized by thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.2 Hurricane spin<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3611\" class=\"elementor elementor-3611\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6125dc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6125dc8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7aca97\" data-id=\"e7aca97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e90873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e90873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>(<em>source: http:\/\/www.weatherquesting.com\/hurricane-spin.htm<\/em>)<\/p><p>A hurricane is a system of violent thunderstorms with high winds circulating about a central low-pressure area, called the eye. Air pressure flows from higher pressure towards lower pressure, although not\u00a0in a straight line because the Earth&rsquo;s surface spins at different speeds (faster at the equator, slower near the poles); instead, it spirals inwards (see Figure 1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29b206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d29b206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3614\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA.jpg 401w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Counter-clockwise spin of a Hurricane (source: NOAA, USA).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c41c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c41c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">In the Northern Hemisphere for example, higher-pressure areas from the north, west, east and south will move towards a low pressure centre (L in the above diagram).<\/span><\/p><p>The air to the north moves eastward slower than the low-pressure area while the air to the south moves faster than L. The different speeds cause the air to circulate counter-clockwise about the low.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1093\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.3 Tornadoes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1093\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1093\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3620\" class=\"elementor elementor-3620\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d43cb68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d43cb68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc7be62\" data-id=\"dc7be62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e416250 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e416250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Tropical cyclones are also associated with the generation of Tornadoes which are powerful, rotating funnels of air.<\/p><p>Tornadoes are linked:<\/p><ul><li>at their top, to clouds involved in thunderstorms and other intense weather (typically tall, dense clouds that are the result of atmospheric instability).<\/li><li>at their base with the earth\u2019s surface where they are often encircled by debris.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. Quels sont les types d\u2019onde de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7945\" class=\"elementor elementor-7945 elementor-3626\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae6654e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae6654e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c74b968\" data-id=\"c74b968\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da8a40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da8a40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Il n\u2019y a pas de types sp\u00e9cifiques d\u2019ondes de temp\u00eate mais elles pourraient \u00eatre class\u00e9es selon l\u2019\u00e9chelle des inondations qu\u2019elles d\u00e9clenchent, qui est directement li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019intensit\u00e9 des ouragans qui g\u00e9n\u00e8rent l\u2019onde de temp\u00eate. L\u2019intensit\u00e9 des ouragans est class\u00e9e selon l\u2019\u00e9chelle Saffir-Simpson (qui va de 1, intensit\u00e9 la plus faible, \u00e0 5, intensit\u00e9 la plus forte). Celle-ci devrait \u00eatre renomm\u00e9e \u00e9chelle Saffir-Simpson des vents produits par les ouragans.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906f8a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"906f8a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3631\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale.jpg 578w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale-300x271.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Pourquoi les ondes de temp\u00eate se produisent-elles?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7947\" class=\"elementor elementor-7947 elementor-3637\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13b5a8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13b5a8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e67269\" data-id=\"4e67269\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1da24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f1da24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Deux types distincts de perturbations m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques contribuent \u00e0 la formation d\u2019ondes de temp\u00eate importantes qui sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019\u00e9rosions, d\u2019inondations et des noyades qui en d\u00e9coulent. Il s\u2019agit des cyclones tropicaux et extra-tropicaux, qui sont tous deux des risques naturels qui apparaissent soudainement et peuvent durer plusieurs jours.<\/p>\n<p>a) Les cyclones tropicaux (ouragans dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Atlantique, typhons dans l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien et cyclones dans l\u2019ouest du Pacifique) sont de grands syst\u00e8mes de basses pressions (&lt;de cent \u00e0 plusieurs centaines de kilom\u00e8tres) qui s\u2019intensifient entre des latitudes situ\u00e9es approximativement entre 5\u00ba et 25\u00ba. Les temp\u00e9ratures de la surface de la mer doivent \u00eatre \u00e9lev\u00e9es (&gt;26 \u00baC). D\u2019autres facteurs favorables entrent en jeu, notamment un air chaud et humide, un faible cisaillement vertical de vent et une instabilit\u00e9 atmosph\u00e9rique (Henderson-Sellers et Lewis, 1998, Landsea et al, 1999). Ils comprennent en leur centre un \u00ab \u0153il \u00bb, qui est une zone de vents calmes et de ciel clair entour\u00e9e d\u2019un \u00ab mur de l\u2019\u0153il \u00bb qui abrite des vents tr\u00e8s violents et o\u00f9 se forment des bandes spiral\u00e9es compos\u00e9es de vents et de pr\u00e9cipitations et qui tournent dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d\u2019une montre dans l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re nord et dans le sens contraire dans l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud. Les cyclones tropicaux sont petits mais puissants.<\/p>\n<p>b) Les cyclones extra-tropicaux sont la cause de la plupart des inondations et de l\u2019\u00e9rosion des plages qui se produisent \u00e0 des latitudes temp\u00e9r\u00e9es. Les vitesses du vent et l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer sont moins importantes que dans les cyclones tropicaux mais leur ampleur est beaucoup plus forte (c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire &gt;1000 km) et durent invariablement plusieurs cycles de mar\u00e9es. Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, les temp\u00eates (nord-est) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 class\u00e9es en cinq cat\u00e9gories en fonction de la hauteur de la vague (H1\/3 = moyenne du tiers des vagues les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es), de la dur\u00e9e (D) et de la puissance (P) o\u00f9 P = H21\/3.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9c17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"cbe9c17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.1 Factors influencing storm surge severity<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3642\" class=\"elementor elementor-3642\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f50cda0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f50cda0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe8b78c\" data-id=\"fe8b78c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4ab175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4ab175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Once a tropical cyclone hits the coast, the severity of storm surge impact is influenced by a number of aspects:<\/p><ul><li>offshore sea depth.<\/li><li>coastline configuration.<\/li><li>cyclone orientation as it lands.<\/li><li>wind characteristics (speed, intensity).<\/li><li>cyclone radius.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.2  Factors that intensify storm surges<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3646\" class=\"elementor elementor-3646\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ed4007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ed4007\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7bbf16\" data-id=\"c7bbf16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a072f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a072f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u>Storm surges are pronounced<\/u>:<\/p><ul><li>over shallow water bodies<\/li><li>persistent strong winds<\/li><li>persistent low atmospheric pressure.<\/li><\/ul><p>Resulting in coastal flooding that may impact many kilometers inland.<br \/><br \/><u>Storm surges are particularly pronounced:<\/u><\/p><ul><li>in areas having a large tidal range<\/li><li>when occurring at high tide<\/li><\/ul><p>Under such circumstances, the resulting surge is called a\u00a0<em><strong>storm tide\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>that<em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>includes the accumulative sea level elevation arising from the:<\/p><ul><li>storm<\/li><li>tide<\/li><li>wave run-up<\/li><li>freshwater flooding.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1794\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1794\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. O\u00f9 les ondes de temp\u00eate se produisent-elles?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1794\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1794\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7949\" class=\"elementor elementor-7949 elementor-3650\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03fcebb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03fcebb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7aacf18\" data-id=\"7aacf18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fad3021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fad3021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>L\u00e0 o\u00f9 il existe des syst\u00e8mes de basse pression (&lt;100 \u00e0 &gt;1000 km) en formation et qui s\u2019intensifient au-dessus des eaux chaudes de l\u2019oc\u00e9an \u00e0 des latitudes situ\u00e9es entre 5\u00ba et 25\u00ba. Les vents soufflent vers les zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res ; dans celles qui sont peu profondes et forment un entonnoir comme la baie de Bohai (Chine), le golfe de Bangladesh et la baie de la Frise allemande, de fortes ondes de temp\u00eate peuvent se produire. Elles prennent de l\u2019ampleur lorsqu\u2019elles co\u00efncident avec des mar\u00e9es astronomiques sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la moyenne, avec des p\u00e9riodes de nouvelles ou de pleines lunes (mar\u00e9es de printemps) et aux solstices et \u00e9quinoxes (Wood, 1986), ou encore avec le p\u00e9rig\u00e9e (point o\u00f9 la terre passe au plus pr\u00e8s de la lune) ou le p\u00e9rih\u00e9lion (point o\u00f9 la terre passe au plus pr\u00e8s du soleil). Les mar\u00e9es qui se produisent \u00e0 des latitudes \u00e9lev\u00e9es sont renforc\u00e9es pendant le cycle nodal lunaire de 18,6 ans, lorsque l\u2019angle entre le plan de l\u2019orbite de la lune et l\u2019ellipse de celle-ci est \u00e0 son minimum.<\/p>\n<p>En dehors des tropiques, les temp\u00eates qui se produisent \u00e0 des latitudes moyennes et les fronts froids qui leur sont associ\u00e9s sont les causes principales des ondes de temp\u00eate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les r\u00e9gions littorales<\/strong>\u00a0sont particuli\u00e8rement sensibles aux cyclones tropicaux car ceux-ci se forment g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au-dessus de masses oc\u00e9aniques chaudes. Une grande partie de l\u2019\u00e9nergie cyclonique \u00e9tant dissip\u00e9e \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 des c\u00f4tes, les temp\u00eates de vent seront plus faibles dans les r\u00e9gions int\u00e9rieures. Cependant, la menace potentielle que repr\u00e9sentent les pluies de tr\u00e8s forte intensit\u00e9 subsiste et constitue un risque grave d\u2019inondations dans l\u2019arri\u00e8re-pays.<\/p>\n<p>Selon les normes de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence actuelles, pr\u00e8s de 19,5% (soit 391 812 km2) du territoire littoral de 84 pays est vuln\u00e9rable aux inondations que pourrait provoquer une onde de temp\u00eate se produisant une fois tous les cent ans. Une intensification future de 10 % augmente la superficie de la zone d\u2019inondation potentielle de 25,7% (517 255 km2), compte tenu de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer. Cela se traduit par une menace d\u2019inondation pour 52 millions de personnes suppl\u00e9mentaires, 29 164 km2 de zones agricoles, 14 991 km2 de zones urbaines, 9% du PIB des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res et 29,9% des zones humides. L\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine et les Cara\u00efbes pourraient subir l\u2019impact le plus fort des ondes de temp\u00eates, tandis que les zones littorales de l\u2019Asie de l\u2019Est pourraient enregistrer les pertes les plus graves en termes de PIB.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c83fa45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c83fa45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 The largest storm surge in Europe?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3655\" class=\"elementor elementor-3655\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4cd3c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4cd3c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e438a7\" data-id=\"8e438a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf8d54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf8d54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>On Feb 1, 1953.a storm originating in the North Sea hit the Netherlands inundating 150,000 ha and killing &gt;1800 people. Prior to this in 1281, &gt; 80,000 died and in 1421 &gt; 100,000.<\/p><p>The surge of 2.7m at Southend also caused much damage in eastern UK (Alexander, 1993).<\/p><p>Alexander, D. 1993 Natural disasters, Chapman and Hall, New York.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.2 The largest coastal surge in the world?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3659\" class=\"elementor elementor-3659\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f1866ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f1866ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63fce10\" data-id=\"63fce10\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c42c162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c42c162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable, having a low topography so that the coast is virtually at sea level, shallow continental shelf, high tidal range and a high population density. In 1970 &gt;220,000 people died with a recorded surge of &gt;9m (Pugh, 1987; Murty and Flather, 1994); 11,000 died in May, 1985 and circa 200,000 died in 1991 (Alexander, 1993). The Saxby gale of 1869 caused huge damage along the Bay of Fundy, Canada with a surge &gt;2m The Galveston, USA, hurricane in 1900, raised water levels by &gt;5m killing around 6,000 people; in 1938 a hurricane with a 2m surge swept across Long Island and southern New England killing &gt;700 people (Ludlam, 1988); the Ash Wednesday storm of 1962 affected the entire eastern seaboard of the USA and lasted over five tidal cycles. In 1992, the New York metro was flooded by a &gt;2m surge, resulting in human loss of life; and property damage; the Halloween storm\u2019 of 1991, basis of the film, \u2018The Perfect Storm\u2019, Hugo in 1989 in South Carolina, Andrew in 1992 in the Florida Keys and Katrina for New Orleans all give evidence of surges that cost lives and property.<\/p><p>Ludlam, D.M. 1988. The great hurricane of 1938, Weatherwise, 41, 214-216.<br \/>Murty, T.S., and Flather, R.A., 1994.Impact of storm surges in the Bay of Bengal, In Finkl, C.W. Jr. (ed.) Coastal hazards: Perception, susceptibility and Mitigation. J Coastal Research, SI 12, 149-161.<br \/>Pugh, D.T. 1987. Tides, surges and mean sea level. J Wiley and Sons, Chichester.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.3 Case study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3662\" class=\"elementor elementor-3662\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d72c2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d72c2d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c63a748\" data-id=\"c63a748\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b7740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b7740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Nichols et al (2008) investigated 136 port cities around the world having &gt;one million inhabitants in 2005, to exposure of coastal flooding due to storm surge and damage due to high winds in the 2070\u2019s. Across all cities, about 40 million people (0.6% of the global population or roughly 1 in 10 of the total port city population in the considered cities) are exposed to a 1 in 100 year coastal flood event. By the 2070s, total population exposed could grow to circa 150 million due to the combined effects of climate change (sea-level rise surges and increased storminess), subsidence, population growth and urbanisation. Asset exposure could reach US $35,000 billion by the 2070s; more than ten times current levels rising to some 9% of projected global GDP in this period. On a global-scale, population growth, socio-economic growth and urbanization are the most important drivers of the overall increase in exposure.<\/p><p>Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S .,. Herweijer, N., Patmore,, S. Hallegatte, J., Corfee-Morlot, J., Ch\u00e2teau and R. Muir-Wood (2), 2008. Ranking port cities with high exposure and vulnerabilitiy to climate extremes exposure estimates, Environment Working Papers No.1, OECD, 68pp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2094\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2094\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.4 Case study: the Mediterranean <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2094\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2094\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3666\" class=\"elementor elementor-3666\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bad059e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bad059e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2740886\" data-id=\"2740886\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c8e2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c8e2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Mediterranean cyclones\u00a0are infrequent to rare with\u00a0debate concerning their typology (tropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones or polar lows). They develop over open waters under strong, initially cold-core cyclones, similar to subtropical cyclones in the Atlantic Basin with\u00a0typically non-tropical origins (<em>source:\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone\"><em>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone<\/em><\/a><em>).<\/em><\/p><p>While Mediterranean sea surface temperatures\u00a0in late-August and early-September range between\u00a0+24 to +28\u00b0C,\u00a0research indicates water temperatures of 20 \u00b0C are normally required for cyclone development and it appears that elevated cold air may bebe the main trigger for instability in the development of these systems.<\/p><p>It has been suggsted that\u00a0a \u00ab\u00a0hurricane season in the Mediterranean would be June &#8211; November ( similar to the North Atlantic hurricane season).\u00a0<\/p><p>Recent US National Academy of Sciences study has shown\u00a0powerful links between rising ocean temperatures in the key hurricane breeding grounds of the Atlantic and Pacific and an increase in the intensity of such storms.<em>(source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theaustralian.news.com.au\/story\/0,25197,22080458-30417,00.html\">http:\/\/www.theaustralian.news.com.au\/story\/0,25197,22080458-30417,00.html<\/a>).<\/em>\u00a0 For example:<\/p><ul><li>2004, Cyclone Catarina, South Atlantic<\/li><li>2005 Hurricane Vince, Madeira in Portugal, an area that had never before produced such storms. It even struck Spain &#8211; another first.<\/li><li>2005, New Orleans overwhelmed by Hurricane Katrina.<\/li><li>2005: US Gulf coast, Hurricane Rita, the 4th most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded.<\/li><\/ul><p>It has been further suggested\u00a0that climate change induced warming in the Mediterranean may be enabling it to store enough heat to trigger the formation of its own hurricanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73cf298 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73cf298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3669\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996.jpg 560w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996-300x268.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-784790f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"784790f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Mediterranean tropical cyclone &#8211; October 6-10, 1996 which resulted in serious flooding\u00a0<\/strong>in the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and south Italy. Winds of up to 145 km\/h were reported over the Eolian Islands, causing infrastructural\u00a0damage and\u00a0four deaths. (source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1795\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1795\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. Quelles seraient les cons\u00e9quences des ondes de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1795\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1795\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7951\" class=\"elementor elementor-7951 elementor-3676\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc790a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc790a5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b070ee\" data-id=\"0b070ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb0ceec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb0ceec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Pertes de vies humaines<\/li>\n<li>Inondations = pertes environnementales et \u00e9conomiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les ouragans causent plus de d\u00e9c\u00e8s que n\u2019importe quel autre ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne venteux. Les pays \u00e0 faible revenu sont en particulier susceptibles de subir des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts tr\u00e8s importants, par exemple le Salvador, le Y\u00e9men et le Mozambique. Dans ces pays pauvres, les zones urbaines manquent des infrastructures qui permettraient d\u2019\u00e9vacuer les eaux pluviales et celles qui existent sont souvent vieilles et non entretenues.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d6ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"28d6ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4281\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4281\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.1 Copenhagen case study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4281\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4281\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3681\" class=\"elementor elementor-3681\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-582928e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"582928e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4b8ffc\" data-id=\"f4b8ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c1794 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63c1794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Hallegatte et al (2008) using Copenhagen as a case study, showed that was not highly vulnerable to storm surges and coastal floods. Man-made defences, are necessary, as without them, economic losses caused by a current 10 yr storm surge event, would reach Euros 2.5 billion Without man-made defences, sea level rise would increase coastal flood risks in a significant manner, i.e. 50 cm of sea level rise would increase by 55% the losses caused by the 120-yr event, from Euros 3 to 5 billion.<\/p><p>St\u00e9phane Hallegatte ,Nicola Patmore , Olivier Mestre, Patrice Dumas, Jan Corfee Morlot, Celine Herweijer and Robert Muir, 2008. Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Risk in Port Cities: A Case Study on Copenhagen, OECD Environment Working Paper, No. 3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1796\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1796\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. Les cons\u00e9quences peuvent-elles \u00eatre att\u00e9nu\u00e9es par le comportement humain?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1796\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1796\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7953\" class=\"elementor elementor-7953 elementor-3685\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-404d882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"404d882\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e1e4fb\" data-id=\"0e1e4fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c227d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c227d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Les cons\u00e9quences peuvent \u00eatre att\u00e9nu\u00e9es par une meilleure sensibilisation du public.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019am\u00e9lioration des pr\u00e9visions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques permet d\u2019envoyer des alarmes en temps utile et de donner du temps pour \u00e9vacuer les populations. Mais cela concerne surtout les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s et moins les pays \u00e9mergents, o\u00f9 des populations importantes vivent dans des r\u00e9gions agricoles qui sont peu \u00e9lev\u00e9es par rapport au niveau de la mer et donc susceptibles de subir l\u2019impact des inondations dues aux temp\u00eates. En outre, dans ces pays, les populations ne sont pas tenues inform\u00e9es, ou seulement partiellement, du cours des \u00e9v\u00e9nements.<\/li>\n<li>Des d\u00e9fenses artificielles sont donc n\u00e9cessaires, car sans elles, les pertes \u00e9conomiques caus\u00e9es pour une onde de temp\u00eate se produisant tous les dix ans s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8veraient \u00e0 2,5 milliards d\u2019euros.<\/li>\n<li>Sans protections artificielles, l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer augmenterait nettement le risque d\u2019inondation des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res. En effet, une \u00e9l\u00e9vation de 50 centim\u00e8tres augmenterait de 55% les pertes caus\u00e9es par un \u00e9v\u00e9nement se produisant une fois tous les 120 ans, lesquelles seraient de l\u2019ordre de 3 \u00e0 5 milliards d\u2019euros.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1797\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1797\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. Les causes peuvent-elles \u00eatre influenc\u00e9es par le comportement humain?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1797\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1797\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7955\" class=\"elementor elementor-7955 elementor-3691\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-659c488 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"659c488\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d702b0\" data-id=\"0d702b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e141af1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e141af1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Les ouragans et les temp\u00eates qui produisent des ondes de temp\u00eates sont des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels que nous ne pouvons pas contr\u00f4ler. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 n\u00e9anmoins sugg\u00e9r\u00e9 que le r\u00e9chauffement climatique (l\u2019aspect du changement climatique qui est tr\u00e8s influenc\u00e9 par les \u00e9missions humaines de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre) peut d\u00e9clencher une instabilit\u00e9 m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019ouragans \/ d\u2019ondes de temp\u00eate de plus en plus fr\u00e9quents et intenses. Dans ce contexte, la r\u00e9duction du r\u00e9chauffement climatique mondial contribuera \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les tendances potentiellement croissantes de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1798\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1798\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Peut-on pr\u00e9voir les ondes de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1798\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1798\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7957\" class=\"elementor elementor-7957 elementor-3694\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a69c8fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a69c8fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eca89e5\" data-id=\"eca89e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84047d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84047d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Oui. Les pr\u00e9visions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques, notamment celles qui s\u2019appuient sur la mod\u00e9lisation math\u00e9matique, sont d\u00e9sormais suffisamment pr\u00e9cises pour pr\u00e9dire des ondes de temp\u00eate et constamment am\u00e9lior\u00e9es. Le probl\u00e8me principal que posent les pr\u00e9visions de ces dangers est la capacit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me \u00e0 diffuser ces informations d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ad\u00e9quate. Un certain nombre de mod\u00e8les sont utilis\u00e9s, par exemple le mod\u00e8le WES de mod\u00e9lisation des inondations et le mod\u00e8le SLOSH utilis\u00e9 par les services m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques nationaux des \u00c9tats-Unis pour la pr\u00e9vision en temps r\u00e9el. Ces mod\u00e8les utilisent des donn\u00e9es comme la pression centrale minimum, le rayon, les rails de d\u00e9pression et la vitesse. D\u2019autres mod\u00e8les existent, par exemple celui de Hubbert et McInnes, (1997), qui traite la limite terre-eau comme une interface mobile et comprend un r\u00e9seau maill\u00e9 qui est inond\u00e9 \u00e0 mesure que le niveau de l\u2019eau s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve.<\/p>\n<p>Emmanuel et al, (2008), en se fondant sur des estimations obtenues par des simulations de 2 000 rails de d\u00e9pression, indiquent que la fr\u00e9quence des ondes de temp\u00eate diminuera dans l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re sud et le nord de l\u2019oc\u00e9an Indien et augmentera dans le nord du Pacifique. Les simulations montrent que les variations de l\u2019activit\u00e9 des cyclones tropicaux sont tr\u00e8s influenc\u00e9es par une diff\u00e9rence croissante entre l\u2019entropie humide de la couche limite et la moyenne troposph\u00e8re due au fait que le climat se r\u00e9chauffe. Le mod\u00e8le utilise \u00ab un mod\u00e8le d\u2019ouragan sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9 qui, associant l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re et l\u2019oc\u00e9an et comprenant des coordonn\u00e9es du moment angulaire, fournit une r\u00e9solution \u00e9lev\u00e9e du noyau \u00e0 faible co\u00fbt \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Kerry Emanuel, Ragoth Sundararajan, and John Williams, 2008. Hurricanes, and Global Warming: Results from Downscaling IPCC AR4 Simulations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(3) 47\u2013367.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f0f8b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"1f0f8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3251\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3251\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.1 The SLOSH model<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3251\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3251\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3699\" class=\"elementor elementor-3699\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bda785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bda785\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c62ed7\" data-id=\"6c62ed7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42adf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42adf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model<\/p><ul><li>Provides real time forecasting and hurricane storm surge inundation maps for the U.S. Atlantic coast, Oahu, the Bahama Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. (source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/hurricane\/surge_images.asp\">http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/hurricane\/surge_images.asp<\/a>).<\/li><li>Accuracy of the SLOSH model is advertised as +\/- 20%. It provides 2 sets of images:<\/li><li>\u00ab\u00a0<u>Maximum Water Depth<\/u>\u201c &#8211; water depth at each grid cell of the SLOSH domain. Thus if inland at elevation of 10ft &gt; MSL, and combined storm surge and tide ( \u00ab\u00a0storm tide\u00a0\u00bb) is 15ft at your location, then the\u00a0water depth image will show 5ft of inundation.<\/li><li>\u00ab\u00a0<u>Maximum Storm Tide<\/u>\u201c &#8211; how high above mean sea level the sum of the storm surge plus the tide reaches.<\/li><li>Over the ocean, the storm tide and water depth images will show the same values.<\/li><li>Images are generated for high tide, thus showing worst-case inundation scenarios for mid-strength hurricanes of each Saffir-Simpson Category (1- 5).<\/li><\/ul><p>However, the US National Hurricane Center no longer includes storm surges and flooding for hurricane categories stating that people are not acting upon warnings. In part, this may be a result of past\u00a0discrepancies that have occured\u00a0between forecasted and actual. For example, Hurricane Ike, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale, had winds of 96-110 mph, and a storm surge of 3.5 &#8211; 6.8m. The forecasted storm surge was of a Category 5 storm i.e. winds greater than 155 mph. A Category 2 hurricane, on the Saffir-Simpson scale, has a storm surge of 6 to 8 feet. (1.8 to 2.8m)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1799\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1799\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Peut-on emp\u00eacher les ondes de temp\u00eates?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1799\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1799\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7959\" class=\"elementor elementor-7959 elementor-3703\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68a575b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68a575b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1933d6\" data-id=\"b1933d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9222920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9222920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Non, \u00e0 moins de pouvoir contr\u00f4ler le temps qu\u2019il fait. Il faut simplement mieux se pr\u00e9parer aux catastrophes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17910\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17910\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Peut-on att\u00e9nuer les effets des ondes de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17910\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17910\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7963\" class=\"elementor elementor-7963 elementor-3709\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc09bd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc09bd2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4709f0a\" data-id=\"4709f0a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9f8024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9f8024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Il faut pour cela:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Recenser les zones \u00e0 hauts risques sensibles aux ondes de temp\u00eate (cartes des ondes de temp\u00eate).<\/li>\n<li>Collecter les donn\u00e9es empiriques n\u00e9cessaires pour obtenir des courbes de p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9 pour les inondations et les temp\u00eates (en particulier pour les pays \u00e9mergents).<\/li>\n<li>Utiliser un syst\u00e8me de pr\u00e9vision des ondes de temp\u00eate.<\/li>\n<li>Mettre au point \/ am\u00e9liorer un syst\u00e8me de diffusion d\u2019alertes et d\u2019informations.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9vacuer les zones \u00e0 haut risque (par exemple les zones littorales peu \u00e9lev\u00e9es) lorsqu\u2019une onde de temp\u00eate ou un ouragan est pr\u00e9vu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La limitation des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts est au c\u0153ur des strat\u00e9gies d\u2019att\u00e9nuation des risques, qui comprennent des mesures efficaces et \u00e9conomiques pour limiter les d\u00e9g\u00e2ts que pourrait causer l\u2019impact du risque sur une communaut\u00e9. L\u2019att\u00e9nuation du risque est une action durable visant \u00e0 r\u00e9duire ou \u00e9liminer le risque \u00e0 long terme que repr\u00e9sentent les dangers et leurs effets pour les biens et les personnes. Un programme d\u2019att\u00e9nuation des risques devrait comprendre 5 objectifs principaux:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pr\u00e9server, voire am\u00e9liorer, la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019environnement.<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u00e9server, voire am\u00e9liorer, la qualit\u00e9 de la vie.<\/li>\n<li>Mettre en commun les ressources des gouvernements. Recenser les pr\u00e9occupations et les probl\u00e8mes des communaut\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Favoriser la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019adaptation des populations locales aux catastrophes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019att\u00e9nuation des risques pour les zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res peut \u00eatre class\u00e9e en quatre domaines principaux:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La planification, qui est li\u00e9e aux plans d\u2019am\u00e9nagement des zones c\u00f4ti\u00e8res et des plages. Les dangers c\u00f4tiers doivent \u00eatre recens\u00e9s et trait\u00e9s lors de la phase de planification de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement c\u00f4tier afin que les risques \u00e9lev\u00e9s soient identifi\u00e9s et, le cas \u00e9ch\u00e9ant, que le public en soit inform\u00e9 ou \u00e9loign\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019\u00e9ducation, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire l\u2019\u00e9ducation \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 c\u00f4ti\u00e8re, qui est dispens\u00e9e depuis l\u2019\u00e9cole primaire et s\u2019adresse \u00e9galement \u00e0 tous les utilisateurs des plages, y compris les touristes nationaux et internationaux.<\/li>\n<li>Les ressources en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le personnel et les ressources mises \u00e0 disposition.<\/li>\n<li>Le soutien m\u00e9dical, par exemple lorsqu\u2019une personne sauv\u00e9e ou r\u00e9anim\u00e9e doit faire l\u2019objet de soins m\u00e9dicaux. Cela comprend l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 une ambulance et \u00e0 un h\u00e9licopt\u00e8re, le soutien m\u00e9dical local et la pr\u00e9sence de surveillants bien \u00e9quip\u00e9s et entra\u00een\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les personnes doivent \u00eatre \u00e9vacu\u00e9es des zones proches du niveau de la mer lorsqu\u2019une onde de temp\u00eate ou un ouragan est pr\u00e9vu. Il faut par cons\u00e9quent \u00e9mettre des avertissements analogues \u00e0 ceux qui sont diffus\u00e9s pour les tsunamis dans toutes les zones \u00e0 risque. Les donn\u00e9es empiriques n\u00e9cessaires pour obtenir des courbes de p\u00e9riodicit\u00e9 pour les inondations et les temp\u00eates ne sont pas disponibles dans la plupart des pays du tiers-monde. Une onde de temp\u00eate sera donc estim\u00e9e par des mod\u00e8les math\u00e9matiques, par exemple le mod\u00e8le WES de mod\u00e9lisation des inondations (Butler et Sheng, 1982) et le mod\u00e8le SLOSH (Jelesnianski et al, 1992) utilis\u00e9 par les services m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques nationaux des \u00c9tats-Unis pour la pr\u00e9vision en temps r\u00e9el. Ces mod\u00e8les utilisent des donn\u00e9es comme la pression centrale minimum, le rayon, les rails de d\u00e9pression et la vitesse. D\u2019autres mod\u00e8les existent, par exemple celui de Hubbert et McInnes, (1997), qui traite la limite terre-eau comme une interface mobile et comprend un r\u00e9seau maill\u00e9 qui est inond\u00e9 \u00e0 mesure que le niveau de l\u2019eau s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>References<\/em><\/strong><br \/>\nButler, H.L and Sheng, Y.P. 1982. ADI procedures for solving the shallow water equations in transformed co-ordinates. Proc 1982 Army Numerical Analysis and Computers, ARO report, 82-3. 365-380.<br \/>\nHubbart, G..S and K.L McInnes, 1997. A storm surge inundation model for coastal planning and impact studies, J. Coastal Research, 15, 168-185.<br \/>\nJelesnianski, C.P., Chen., P., and W.A Shaffer, 1992. SLOSH: Sea, lake and overland surges from hurricanes. NOAA, National Weather Service, Silver Spring, NOAA Technical report, NMW 48.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17911\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17911\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. Que doit-on faire dans le cas d\u2019un ouragan ou d\u2019une onde de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17911\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17911\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7965\" class=\"elementor elementor-7965 elementor-3715\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5d2b70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5d2b70\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11921c3\" data-id=\"11921c3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b6381f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b6381f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019exp\u00e9rience montre que le manque de sensibilisation et de pr\u00e9paration aux ouragans est un des principaux probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s aux grandes catastrophes provoqu\u00e9es par ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements climatiques. En connaissant votre vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 et en respectant un certain nombre de consignes, vous pouvez r\u00e9duire les effets d\u2019une catastrophe provoqu\u00e9e par un ouragan.<\/p>\n<p>Parmi les mesures de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e0 respecter en cas d\u2019onde de temp\u00eate, citons les suivantes:<\/p>\n<p>1. Suivez de pr\u00e8s les pr\u00e9visions m\u00e9t\u00e9orologiques; si possible, rassemblez votre famille etc.<br \/>\n2. Essayez de vous placer sur un point \u00e9lev\u00e9 ou au sommet d\u2019une structure robuste afin que l\u2019eau passe en dessous ou \u00e0 travers la structure.<br \/>\n3 Restez calme et essayez d\u2019avoir de l\u2019eau propre avec vous.<br \/>\n4. Si quelqu\u2019un poss\u00e8de un t\u00e9l\u00e9phone mobile, utilisez-le pour contacter les autorit\u00e9s de secours d\u2019urgence.<\/p>\n<p>Le Centre national des ouragans du Service national de m\u00e9t\u00e9orologie des \u00c9tats-Unis (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/\">http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/<\/a>) fournit les consignes d\u2019\u00e9vacuation suivantes:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Raccourcissez la distance qui vous s\u00e9pare d\u2019une zone plus s\u00fbre; plus vous devez conduire, plus vous risquez de vous retrouver dans un embouteillage et d\u2019\u00eatre confront\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u2019autres probl\u00e8mes routiers.<br \/>\n\u2022 Choisissez le point d\u2019\u00e9vacuation le plus proche, de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans votre localit\u00e9, et balisez votre itin\u00e9raire. Ne prenez pas la route sans avoir pr\u00e9vu votre itin\u00e9raire ou choisi votre destination.<br \/>\n\u2022 Choisissez le domicile de votre ami le plus proche ou d\u2019un parent situ\u00e9 en dehors d\u2019une zone d\u2019\u00e9vacuation d\u00e9sign\u00e9e et examinez votre plan avec eux avant la saison des ouragans.<br \/>\n\u2022 Vous pouvez aussi choisir un h\u00f4tel ou un motel en dehors de la zone vuln\u00e9rable.<br \/>\n\u2022 Si aucune de ces options n\u2019est possible, choisissez l\u2019abri public le plus proche, de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans votre localit\u00e9.<br \/>\n\u2022 Utilisez les voies d\u2019\u00e9vacuation d\u00e9sign\u00e9es par les autorit\u00e9s et, si possible, reconnaissez votre itin\u00e9raire en voiture avant que l\u2019ordre d\u2019\u00e9vacuation soit donn\u00e9.<br \/>\n\u2022 Contacter le bureau local qui g\u00e8re les situations d\u2019urgence afin de vous y inscrire et d\u2019obtenir des informations concernant la ou les personnes de votre m\u00e9nage qui pourraient avoir besoin d\u2019une aide particuli\u00e8re lors de l\u2019\u00e9vacuation.<br \/>\n\u2022 Pr\u00e9parer un plan distinct pour vos animaux de compagnie, la plupart des abris publics ne les acceptent pas.<br \/>\n\u2022 Pr\u00e9parer votre domicile avant de partir, notamment en renfor\u00e7ant les portes et les fen\u00eatres, en fixant ou en d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant tous les objets qui se trouvent dans votre jardin et en coupant l\u2019eau, le gaz et l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<br \/>\n\u2022 Avant de partir, faites le plein d\u2019essence et retirez de l\u2019argent au distributeur.<br \/>\n\u2022 Emportez tous les m\u00e9dicaments n\u00e9cessaires ainsi que des articles m\u00e9dicaux comme les lunettes, les couches, etc.<br \/>\n\u2022 Si le plan que vous avez \u00e9labor\u00e9 pour votre famille pr\u00e9voit l\u2019usage d\u2019un camping-car, d\u2019une caravane ou d\u2019un bateau, partez t\u00f4t. N\u2019attendez pas l\u2019ordre d\u2019\u00e9vacuation ou que les d\u00e9parts massifs aient commenc\u00e9.<br \/>\n\u2022 Si vous vivez dans une zone d\u2019\u00e9vacuation et que des responsables nationaux ou locaux vous donnent l\u2019ordre d\u2019\u00e9vacuer, ex\u00e9cutez-vous le plus rapidement possible. N\u2019attendez pas ou ne retardez pas votre d\u00e9part car vous pourriez vous retrouver coinc\u00e9 dans le trafic routier ou, pire, ne plus pouvoir partir du tout.<br \/>\n\u2022 Attendez-vous \u00e0 des embouteillages et \u00e0 des retards pendant les \u00e9vacuations. Pr\u00e9voyez un temps de trajet beaucoup plus long qu\u2019en temps normal pour atteindre la destination pr\u00e9vue pour votre famille.<br \/>\n\u2022 \u00c9coutez les cha\u00eenes de radio et de t\u00e9l\u00e9vision locales, et \u00e9coutez attentivement tous les conseils et consignes particuli\u00e8res donn\u00e9s par les autorit\u00e9s locales. Suivez la situation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique en \u00e9coutant les radios sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d88e10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"7d88e10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11.1 Home Evacuation Plan<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3720\" class=\"elementor elementor-3720\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce595cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce595cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a368b4\" data-id=\"3a368b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27659e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27659e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The Virginia (US) Department of Emergency Management suggest the following steps in the preparation of a home evacuation plan:<\/p><ul><li>Coastal residents should become familiar with their designated evacuation routes and know where they will go if ordered to evacuate. Emergency officials have designated hurricane evacuation routes for Hampton, the Eastern Shore, Norfolk, Poquoson, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, Virginia Beach and York County. City or county officials will issue a evacuation order if conditions warrant it. If you have questions about your area&rsquo;s evacuation routes, you can contact your local emergency manager.<\/li><li>Residents living inland should know where to go if ordered to evacuate their area. Flash floods can develop in a matter of minutes, with little or no warning. Know ahead of time where your family should go to find higher ground.<\/li><li>Identify ahead of time where you could go if you have to leave your home. Choose several places, such as a friend&rsquo;s home in another town, a motel and a shelter.<\/li><li>Remember that evacuation shelters often do not supply pillows, blankets or sheets. Bring these items with you.<\/li><li>Animals other than service animals are usually not permitted into evacuation shelters. Make a plan ahead of time with a friend or relative, a veterinarian or a kennel that offers pet sheltering. Visit the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Office of Communications (VDACS) pet emergency planning http:\/\/www.vdacs.virginia.gov\/animals\/petshelter.shtml for more information.<\/li><li>When severe weather is approaching, make sure you emergency supplies kit is nearby and listen to local radio or TV stations for evacuation instructions &#8212; you might have only minutes to act.<\/li><li>Keep the telephone numbers of evacuation shelters with a road map. You may need to take alternate or unfamiliar routes if major roads are closed or clogged.<\/li><li>Be sure to review your evacuation plan regularly to ensure that all of the information contained in it is still up to date. Make sure that all family members are familiar with the plan.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17912\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17912\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. Quels sont les types de cartes qui existent sur les ondes de temp\u00eate?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17912\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17912\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7967\" class=\"elementor elementor-7967 elementor-3724\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a3a600 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a3a600\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8262fc8\" data-id=\"8262fc8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2b7ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2b7ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Il existe des cartes sur les ondes et les mar\u00e9es de temp\u00eate, par exemple sur le site\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hremc.org\/surge.htm\">http:\/\/www.hremc.org\/surge.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>La vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des populations vivant sur le littoral aux inondations provoqu\u00e9es par un ouragan peut \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e en examinant des cartes sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es par r\u00e9gion, en tenant compte de ce qui suit:<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 Les cartes sur les ondes de temp\u00eate donnent une indication g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019ampleur des inondations qui pourraient se produire en fonction des diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories d\u2019ouragans.<br \/>\n\u2022 Il est important de comprendre les informations affich\u00e9es. Les inondations d\u00e9crites repr\u00e9sentent des sc\u00e9narios g\u00e9n\u00e9raux \u00ab au pire \u00bb.<br \/>\n\u2022 Les cartes des ondes de temp\u00eate n\u2019indiquent ni la profondeur des inondations ni les inondations caus\u00e9es par les fortes pr\u00e9cipitations qui accompagnent un ouragan.<br \/>\n\u2022 Le volume des inondations d\u00e9pend \u00e9galement des variations entre les mar\u00e9es basses et hautes.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 quoi servent-elles?<\/p>\n<p>Les cartes qui montrent des zones d\u2019inondation possibles dues \u00e0 des ondes de temp\u00eate sont pr\u00e9par\u00e9es par les autorit\u00e9s afin de r\u00e9duire le risque de pertes dans une zone littorale consid\u00e9r\u00e9e. Le R\u00e9seau d\u2019observation europ\u00e9en pour la planification spatiale (ESPON) pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 la figure 1 est un exemple parmi d\u2019autres.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56605f elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"a56605f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.1 where can I get these maps from?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3729\" class=\"elementor elementor-3729\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b038224 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b038224\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e78352\" data-id=\"8e78352\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e6b545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e6b545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>For maps and further information see:<\/p><p>www.metoffice.gov.uk\/corporate\/pressoffice\/anniversary\/floods1953.html &#8211; 27k &#8211;<br \/>www.nhc.noaa.gov\/HAW2\/english\/storm_surge.shtml &#8211; 45k &#8211;<br \/>www.nhc.noaa.gov\/HAW2\/english\/storm_surge.shtml &#8211; 45k &#8211;<br \/>Storm surge &#8211; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br \/>en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Storm_surge &#8211; 113k &#8211;<br \/>www.metoffice.gov.uk\/corporate\/pressoffice\/anniversary\/floods1953.html &#8211; 27k &#8211;<br \/>www.ohsep.louisiana.gov\/factsheets\/stormsurges.htm &#8211; 57k &#8211;<br \/>www.comet.ucar.edu\/nsflab\/web\/hurricane\/313.htm &#8211; 7k &#8211;<br \/>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-R78DHqFOyY &#8211; 135k &#8211;<br \/>USATODAY.com &#8211;<br \/>www.usatoday.com\/graphics\/weather\/gra\/gsurge\/flash.htm &#8211; 2k &#8211;<br \/>blogs.worldbank.org\/climatechange\/risk-intensified-storm-surges-high-stakes-developing-countr\u2026 &#8211; 51k &#8211;<br \/>www.cnn.com\/2009\/US\/weather\/05\/15\/hurricane.scale\/index.html &#8211; 71k &#8211;<br \/>www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg20227025.100-hurricane-speed-reveals-where-storm-surges-will-s\u2026 &#8211; 53k<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Risques Naturels Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate Prepar\u00e9 par ICoD &#8211; Centre Euro-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en sur la dynamique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re insulaire &#8211; (La Vallette, Malte) Un ouragan est un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;orages violents avec des vents forts qui circulent autour d&rsquo;un secteur de basse pression appel\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u0153il. La pression d&rsquo;air s&rsquo;\u00e9coule de la pression plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e vers la plus [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8883,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/hurricanes-and-storm-surges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Risques Naturels Ouragans et ondes de temp\u00eate Prepar\u00e9 par ICoD &#8211; Centre Euro-M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en sur la dynamique c\u00f4ti\u00e8re insulaire &#8211; (La Vallette, Malte) Un ouragan est un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;orages violents avec des vents forts qui circulent autour d&rsquo;un secteur de basse pression appel\u00e9 l&rsquo;\u0153il. 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