{"id":8826,"date":"2020-12-04T09:41:54","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:41:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/secheresse-et-desertification\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:13:52","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:13:52","slug":"drought-and-desertification","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/fr\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8826\" class=\"elementor elementor-8826 elementor-3733\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3575c0e heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3575c0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7059863\" data-id=\"7059863\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd74cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd74cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risques Naturels<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa24f74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fa24f74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4070fb\" data-id=\"c4070fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2b1812 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d2b1812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ffe485 small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ffe485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le CRSTRA &#8211; Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique sur les R\u00e9gions Arides &#8211; Biskra, Alg\u00e9rie &amp; the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ff6f8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"96ff6f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La s\u00e9cheresse est un risque majeur qui tire son origine d\u2019une insuffisance de pr\u00e9cipitations, dont les r\u00e9percussions sont de natures diverses\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>climatiques (augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature, ensoleillement, vent, etc.)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>hydrologiques (baisse du d\u00e9bordement de surface, ass\u00e8chement des rivi\u00e8res et des lacs, ass\u00e8chement des sources et abaissement des nappes phr\u00e9atiques, etc.)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>agronomiques (s\u00e9chage ou pertes de r\u00e9coltes, y compris les r\u00e9coltes effectu\u00e9es \u00e0 sec, etc.)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>g\u00e9ologiques (ass\u00e8chement des sols et augmentation des niveaux de salinit\u00e9, etc.).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>En gros, la d\u00e9sertification correspond \u00e0 un cas grave de s\u00e9cheresse (\u00e0 la fois en intensit\u00e9 et en dur\u00e9e) qui aboutit \u00e0 des conditions engendrant des paysages similaires \u00e0 ceux d\u2019un d\u00e9sert. Cette situation engendre tout un \u00e9ventail de cons\u00e9quences qui d\u00e9gradent la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale et le sol. Par exemple\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale cultiv\u00e9e (for\u00eat tropicale) se d\u00e9t\u00e9riore en savane\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>une savane \u00e9volue pour former un paysage de steppes\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>le climat devient excessivement sec.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Deux facteurs semblent \u00eatre cruciaux pour que la d\u00e9sertification puisse se produire\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>la susceptibilit\u00e9 des conditions physiques naturelles\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>une forte pression humaine d\u00e9passant le seuil acceptable.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5004482 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"5004482\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8391\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8391\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. Que sont la s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8391\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8391\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7971\" class=\"elementor elementor-7971 elementor-3749\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2338a6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2338a6f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a145ac\" data-id=\"5a145ac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d3ddc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d3ddc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La s\u00e9cheresse est un \u00e9tat (normal ou momentan\u00e9) du sol et\/ou une situation dans laquelle la r\u00e9gion doit faire face \u00e0 une d\u00e9ficience dans son approvisionnement ordinaire en eau, sur une p\u00e9riode suffisamment prolong\u00e9e pour qu\u2019on observe des impacts sur la flore naturelle ou cultiv\u00e9e (Wikip\u00e9dia).<\/p>\n<p>Dans un sens large, la d\u00e9sertification peut \u00eatre le synonyme d\u2019une crise environnementale qui peut \u00eatre \u00e0 l\u2019origine de conditions ou de paysages similaires \u00e0 ceux d\u2019un d\u00e9sert (<em>Encyclopaedia of Environ.<\/em><em>\u00a0Sciences<\/em>, 1999).<\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification ont des effets sur tous les aspects de la vie, ce qui montre bien \u00e0 quel point l\u2019environnement et les moyens de subsistance sont interd\u00e9pendants.<\/p>\n<p>Les risques aff\u00e9rents \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse et \u00e0 la d\u00e9sertification sont les suivants\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques pour l\u2019environnement<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification font parfois peser des risques irr\u00e9versibles sur la biodiversit\u00e9 en termes d\u2019appauvrissement de la biodiversit\u00e9, des sols et de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation. Ils entra\u00eenent une modification de la composition floristique, une r\u00e9duction de la biomasse qui recouvre le sol et une diminution des capacit\u00e9s de croissance et de reproduction de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation.<\/p>\n<p>Les cons\u00e9quences les plus inqui\u00e9tantes en mati\u00e8re de biodiversit\u00e9 concernent\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>les animaux sauvages et domestiques, dont les conditions de gestion se d\u00e9t\u00e9riorent\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>la flore, dont certaines esp\u00e8ces sont menac\u00e9es\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>certains cours d&rsquo;eau, dont le d\u00e9bit autrefois constant devient intermittent, qui perturbent le biotope de beaucoup d\u2019esp\u00e8ces\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>des oiseaux migrateurs qui font partie du patrimoine mondial occupent des habitats de plus en plus pr\u00e9caires du Sahel, dans les zones humides r\u00e9siduelles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Les risques en termes d\u2019appauvrissement des sols, pour la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation et la for\u00eat<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Une d\u00e9gradation li\u00e9e \u00e0 une surexploitation des sols jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9puisement, la surexploitation et la mauvaise utilisation des sols dans les r\u00e9gions arides, dues au changement climatique au niveau mondial\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>une d\u00e9gradation li\u00e9e au surp\u00e2turage, qui d\u00e9truit la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale qui prot\u00e8ge les sols de l\u2019\u00e9rosion\u00a0;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6feac6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f6feac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"532\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3754\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2.jpg 532w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 \u2013 Combination effect of drought and overgrazing in the steppe zones<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-416f5e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"416f5e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>un appauvrissement des sols d\u00e9coulant de pratiques pr\u00e9judiciables en mati\u00e8re d\u2019irrigation, \u00a0et impliquant une augmentation de la salinit\u00e9 et un ass\u00e8chement des cours d\u2019eau qui alimentent les grands lacs\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>une d\u00e9forestation qui \u00e9limine les arbres qui prot\u00e8gent le sol de l\u2019\u00e9rosion hydrique et \u00e9olienne. De plus, dans de nombreuses r\u00e9gions arides, le bois est la seule source ind\u00e9pendante d\u2019\u00e9nergie (\u00e9clairage, cuisine).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Dans des conditions de s\u00e9cheresse extr\u00eame, les invasions de sauterelles ont des cons\u00e9quences catastrophiques sur l\u2019environnement et l\u2019\u00e9conomie des pays fragiles.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques pour l\u2019\u00e9conomie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification ont des cons\u00e9quences directes sur la diminution et les pertes de r\u00e9coltes et, du fait de l\u2019augmentation des prix des produits agricoles qui en d\u00e9coule, les populations (notamment rurales) ont des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 satisfaire leur demande d\u2019eau potable et de denr\u00e9es pour nourrir leurs familles et leurs troupeaux.<\/p>\n<p>Des \u00e9tudes ont montr\u00e9 que les r\u00e9coltes de riz chutent de 10\u00a0% d\u00e8s que la temp\u00e9rature nocturne augmente d\u2019un degr\u00e9 Celsius. Or, la diminution des r\u00e9coltes de riz a de graves cons\u00e9quences dans les pays producteurs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques en termes de pauvret\u00e9 et de migrations massives<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019appauvrissement des sols est synonyme de famine et de pauvret\u00e9. Pour trouver d\u2019autres moyens de subsistance, les populations qui vivent dans des zones menac\u00e9es par la d\u00e9sertification sont contraintes de se d\u00e9placer. G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, elles \u00e9migrent vers les zones urbaines pour y b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de meilleures conditions de subsistance, ou quittent leur pays. Les mouvements de population sont l\u2019une des principales cons\u00e9quences de la d\u00e9sertification. http:\/\/remi.revues.org\/document1654.html.<br \/>\nEntre 1997 et 2020, quelque 60 millions de personnes auront quitt\u00e9 les zones d\u00e9sertiques subsahariennes de l\u2019Afrique pour gagner le Maghreb et l\u2019Europe, selon la Convention des Nations Unies sur la lutte contre la d\u00e9sertification.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques pour la sant\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification (qui sont des cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique) perturbent les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et favorisent la propagation de certains insectes et maladies qui pr\u00e9sentent un danger pour les humains, les plantes et les animaux. Selon les r\u00e9sultats d\u2019\u00e9tudes men\u00e9es, des temp\u00e9ratures moyennes plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es sont susceptibles d\u2019accro\u00eetre les taux de fertilit\u00e9 et de croissance des insectes ravageurs ainsi que la fr\u00e9quence des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies, et de permettre par ailleurs aux insectes et aux maladies de se propager sur d\u2019autres espaces g\u00e9ographiques.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>La sant\u00e9 des \u00eatres humain<\/u><u>s<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification (qui sont des cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique) s\u2019accompagnent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement d\u2019une d\u00e9gradation qualitative et quantitative des ressources en eau et, bien souvent, du d\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9pid\u00e9mies (chol\u00e9ra, malaria, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>Les vents, quand ils soul\u00e8vent des temp\u00eates de sable, sont aussi les vecteurs d\u2019atteintes ophtalmologiques (conjonctivite) et de probl\u00e8mes respiratoires.<\/p>\n<p>Par ailleurs, alors que les mouvements migratoires d\u00e9peuplent les zones rurales, les villes se trouvent confront\u00e9es \u00e0 des situations sanitaires d\u00e9sastreuses du fait du manque d\u2019infrastructures pour le traitement des eaux us\u00e9es et des effluents et pour la gestion des d\u00e9chets. Dans ces conditions, les services m\u00e9dicaux et de pr\u00e9vention s\u2019av\u00e8rent largement insuffisants.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>La sant\u00e9 des animaux et des v\u00e9g\u00e9taux<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification (qui sont des cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique) d\u00e9ciment les troupeaux priv\u00e9s de p\u00e2ture. Par exemple, dans les pays du Sahel (durant les chaudes journ\u00e9es d\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9), il arrive que les vaches meurent lorsqu\u2019elles mettent bas et, souvent, les veaux sont pr\u00e9matur\u00e9s. Les chirurgiens v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaires de ces r\u00e9gions expliquent l\u2019apparition de nouvelles maladies par les changements climatiques.<\/p>\n<p>La modification du r\u00e9gime des vents est susceptible de changer la r\u00e9partition des insectes, mais aussi des bact\u00e9ries et des champignons qui sont des vecteurs de maladies pour les plantes. La hausse des temp\u00e9ratures hivernales favorise la multiplication des pyrales qui perforent les tiges du riz, par exemple. Des \u00e9tudes r\u00e9v\u00e8lent que le nombre de parasites et d\u2019insectes, comme les gu\u00eapes et les mouches, qui pondent leurs \u0153ufs sur\/\u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des chenilles diminue en cas de pluies irr\u00e9guli\u00e8res. Or, ces parasites sont tr\u00e8s utiles dans la lutte biologique contre les ravageurs de beaucoup de cultures tropicales.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9 a \u00e9tabli un lien clair entre les fortes pluies qui ont affect\u00e9 la majeure partie de l\u2019Afrique de l\u2019Est au d\u00e9but 2008 et la recrudescence de la malaria. La dengue par exemple, une maladie grave provoqu\u00e9e par un virus transmis par les moustiques, a atteint des niveaux de contagion catastrophiques dans les Cara\u00efbes.<\/p>\n<p>On observe l\u2019apparition du mildiou dans certaines r\u00e9gions o\u00f9 l\u2019on cultive la pomme de terre, une maladie qui tend \u00e0 se r\u00e9pandre dans des conditions humides plus chaudes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification (qui sont des cons\u00e9quences du changement climatique) sont indubitablement des menaces pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire des 9 milliards d\u2019individus que la terre devra nourrir au milieu du 21<sup>e<\/sup>\u00a0si\u00e8cle. Il faudrait pour cela tripler la capacit\u00e9 de production alimentaire d\u2019ici 2050. N\u00e9anmoins, paradoxalement, les surfaces arables diminuent. Il est pr\u00e9vu que les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s verront leurs surfaces arables passer de 0,65 \u00e0 0,4 ha par personne entre 1990 et 2010.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les risques li\u00e9s au changement climatique (puits de carbone)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification conduisent \u00e0 un appauvrissement du sol. Par cons\u00e9quent, elles r\u00e9duisent l\u2019aptitude du sol \u00e0 faire office de \u00ab\u00a0puit de carbone\u00a0\u00bb et, inversement, augmentent sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00eatre une \u00ab\u00a0source de carbone\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Le sol et les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes terrestres jouent un r\u00f4le fondamental en tant que puits de carbone\u00a0: ils collectent et stockent le carbone. Il a ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 estim\u00e9 que les sols retiennent 2,3 Gt (gigatonnes) de carbone par an, ce qui repr\u00e9sente plus d\u2019un tiers du carbone \u00e9mis par la combustion des combustibles fossiles qui sont \u00e0 l\u2019origine du changement climatique. Le stock total de carbone contenu dans les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes terrestres avoisine les 2\u00a0500 Gt, dont 2\u00a0000 Gt se trouvent dans le sol.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b82ebd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"b82ebd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1931\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1931\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.1 More information on Drought<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1931\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1931\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3760\" class=\"elementor elementor-3760\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-99a92c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"99a92c2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74e3c02\" data-id=\"74e3c02\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bececa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bececa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The drought is a major natural risk linked to long-term climatic abnormalities.<br \/>It appears by a drying out of the soil in other words a decline of its hydric potential resulting from an important pluviometric deficit (Lef\u00e8vre and Schneider, 2003).<\/p><p>If desert regions are subjected to quasi-permanent drought because of the presence of the subtropical high pressures. The zone of Sahel (Mauritania, Senegal, Niger, Chad and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire), undergo a rarefaction of rains more and more marked since 1968 to this day.<br \/>Certainly, the successive years of drought are interrupted by a return to normal (year 1 to 2) from time to time but the hydric deficit persists with peaks (73\/77\/82\u2026).<\/p><p>Indeed, the measures made in the experimental fields of Senegal and Mauritania indicate that since 1968, isohyets 300\/400 mm are uncalled-for from 100 to 200 km southward in the space of 15 years (from75 to 90) and no year was superfluous (Sircoulon, on 1992).<\/p><p>In the sector of the pluvial farming in Senegal, we record a clear production decrease of groundnut due to the useful shortening of the duration of rainy season and to the more and more frequent appearance of arid periods during the culture.<\/p><p>Although, in Sahel, the drought is at the origin of famine, of conflicts, of exodus and mortality (200 000 died only for the year 1973 when the drought reached its peak.)<\/p><p>The Mediterranean countries also know droughts of several months on the south bank (4 months in Tunis and Algiers, 7 months in Alexandria) and in a lesser degree the North shore (2 months in Barcelona and 3 months in Istanbul) with the exception of the South of Spain (Drain, 2006) already confronted with the water shortage (Margat, 1990).<\/p><p>Multiannual aridity also occurs in Mediterranean region. Besides, the fall of the agricultural productions (especially cereal), the droughts of the period 1990-1999 are also at the origin of the decay of the cedar of the ATLAS in Algeria and in Morocco. (Halitim, 2006).<\/p><p>In Europe, also the decay of the forest domains is also relatively important following the successive episodes of droughts between 1947 and 1976. In France, the drought from 1989 till 1992 engendered an drying out of streams (11000km), a reduction of the agricultural productions (especially those of May) and an increase of the frequency of the fires of bit in Southern zone especially (Lef\u00e8vre and Schneider, 2003).<br \/>According to the same authors, the aridity can lead disorders at the level of the constructions further to dehydrations of underground clays.<\/p><p>Nevertheless, the difference of rainfall between the North and the South of Sahara is very strong, because in Mediterranean region except the summer aridity, we find the rest of the year of more or less important rains (350 in 750m). Despite very different pluviometric regime, we can hold some criteria common to these arid climates:<\/p><ul><li>The global incapacity of the precipitation in view of the potential evaporation.<\/li><li>A marked interannual irregularity<\/li><li>The momentary excesses of water even in Sahelian region (SIRCOULON, 1992)<\/li><\/ul><p>What constitutes a major constraint for the biological rise and a threat for the agriculture whose the socioeconomic impact is roughly more striking in the regions of the world where the followed of the populations is strictly connected to a food-producing agriculture and\\or to a practice of the breeding as in Sahel.<\/p><p>The drought is also a factor of degradation of natural resources such as the vegetation, pastoral courses and soils, thus, accentuating the process of desertification. in fact, both of the drought and the desertification are very dependant phenomena. Therefore, the Convention to Combating Desertification encouraged countries of the world to begin to fight at the same time the desertification and the effects of the drought (OSS).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1932\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1932\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.2 More information on Desertification<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1932\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1932\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3764\" class=\"elementor elementor-3764\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02ca5e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"02ca5e9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27b357b\" data-id=\"27b357b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01ec0ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"01ec0ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>From the ecological point of view, desertification is defined as being the conjunction of two phenomena: the occurrence of the prolonged droughts and the excessive pressure of the man and his animals on unstable fragile ecosystems or little cancelling. (Le HOUEROU, 1979\/1987).<br \/>In the broad sense, desertification can mean environmental crisis which produces conditions or nearby landscapes of those of a desert (Encyclopedia of Environ-Sciences, 1999).<\/p><p>We appoint by desertification, the ecological consequences of an aridification of the climate (Ramade, 2002).<br \/>In the sense of the United Nations convention, desertification is the degradation of land in arid and arid sub-humid areas. It occurs when soils are fragile, the vegetable cover is reduced and the particularly harsh climate ( 07-06-94 ).<\/p><p>There are more than 130 definitions of the word desertification in the literature according to Mainguet 1998.<\/p><p>The desertification knew numerous definitions which were the object of intellectual controversies. Beyond the political compromises, a consensual definition of the process was proposed by the Convention on the fight against the<\/p><p>Desertification: \u00a0\u00bb the desertification is the degradation of land in arid and arid sub-humid areas due to various factors: including climatic variations and human activities \u00ab\u00a0. The desertification thus concerns a process of degradation of lands linked to natural factors aggravated by the action of the man.<\/p><p>Indeed in arid regions, when the degradation of grounds accelerates ceaselessly, reducing the reserves of the productive grounds, it creates an environment similar to that of the deserts: we speak then about desertification. The desertification does not content with destroying the base of the productive resources, it also provokes the loss of the genetic resources, and it increases the atmospheric dust, disrupts the process of natural recycling of waters and disrupts the economy of a country pulling movements of populations. It is synonymic of loss of biological and economic productivity of arable, pastures and woody lands.<\/p><p>In view of the various examined definitions, the climate countered as a determining factor.<\/p><p>What is the climate determining?<\/p><p>The process of desertification appears, generally in the bioclimatic floors characterized by a pluviometer from 100 to 400 mm \/ year.<\/p><p>Besides, the irregularity and the level of precipitations, the strong temperatures, the drying winds loaded with particles of sand and the intensity of the ETP are so many factors deteriorating especially when the human activities are transplanted there.<\/p><p>The figure 3 illustrates the action combined by the natural and anthropological factors involved in the process of desertification.<br \/>The climate has diverse, direct and indirect incidences on ecosystems:<br \/>On water resources (weakness of the rainfall, the irregularity);<\/p><ul><li>Frequency and continuation of arid period;<\/li><li>Aridity of streams and brooks;<\/li><\/ul><p>On the type of vegetation, its distribution and its density<br \/>On grounds by reducing their rate of organic matter and their power of keeping back to water with increase of the risk of Salinization<br \/>In other words, by acting on these essential parameters, the climate shapes the ecosystems.<br \/>The anthropological action is also important. It falls on behind the step in the climatic action by amplifying the process.<br \/><br \/>How is the process of desertification made?<br \/>The desertification is distinguished from risks with shock effect (devastating floods, earthquakes, forest fires) by the involved mechanisms, by the mode of expression and by its spatiotemporal evolution.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76122f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"76122f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"824\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3767\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-3.jpg 824w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-3-300x186.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-3-768x475.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 824px) 100vw, 824px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3: Desertification Process (Lakhdari, 2009)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85642b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85642b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Two factors seem essential so that the desertification occurs:<\/span><\/p><ul><li>Conditions of natural physical weakness (physical and biological);<\/li><li>A strong human pressure exceeding the acceptable threshold.<\/li><\/ul><p>As the vegetation declines grounds are subjected more and more to the degradation hazards (erosion, Salinization,) being able to lay bare the source rock.<\/p><p>When the vegetation disappears, the desertification accelerates leaving cleaned grounds where the hydrous and wind erosion causes important damages.<\/p><p>If this phenomenon occurred in an insidious and slow way even in the geologic scale, nowadays, the conjugation of several factors (natural and anthropological) seems to look to it a speed of perceptible acceleration and a faster extension.<\/p><p>For illustration:<br \/>In Sudan, the desert encroachment is from 90 to 100 km between 1956 and 1975;<br \/>In the Chad, the plant cover setting degraded of 32 % between 1954 and 1974;<br \/>In Tunisia, on a sample of 20 000 ha, 7500 ha are become depopulated or 347 % between 1965 and 1974. (The HOUEROU, 1979)<br \/>In Algeria, on a sample of 13 000ha, 500 000ha of the steppe become totally depopulated or 41 % (KARA 2000) with an effect more marked at the level of the steppe West where we also note a considerable regression of let us tax climatic (white Artemisia and Alfa), during these last years (SALAMANI and HIRCHE, 2007; AYDOND, on 2009)<br \/>In Spain, 31 % of lands would be threatened with desertification. The degradation of the socioeconomic conditions is in the heart of the problems of desertification:<br \/>destruction of the bases of production, social system in danger, impoverishment of the populations \u2026<br \/>The scale of drought and desertification differs according to the zones of impact in the world: the phenomenon affects more than a country and more than a continent and tends to increase these last decades. Meadows of the third party of the appeared lands is threatened.<br \/>So, the vulnerable zones represented in figure 4 are situated in arid zones and semi arid in particular in the suburb of the climatic deserts.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b92da49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b92da49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"506\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3772\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-4.jpg 506w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-4-300x181.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4: Desertification Vulnerability (Sources :FAO)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-659dbe6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"659dbe6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">The process seems to reach continents of which we thought formerly under cover such as Europe in particular in its south bank: the current situation of the South of Spain is worrisome (Figure 6).<\/span><\/p><p>The scale of desertification at the world level:<br \/>Meadows the third party (1\/3) of the appeared lands is threatened<br \/>1 billion persons are concerned<br \/>A reduction of the farmlands of: 2\/3 for Africa, 1\/3 for Asia and 1\/5 for the Latin America and the Caribbean (Caribbean islands) [Source: the UNO, the FAO and the UNESCO]<br \/>24 billion tons of fertile soils disappear every year.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8392\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8392\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. Quels sont les diff\u00e9rents types de s\u00e9cheresse et de d\u00e9sertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8392\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8392\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7973\" class=\"elementor elementor-7973 elementor-3778\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-764bc5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"764bc5f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-05e362a\" data-id=\"05e362a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7437e70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7437e70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Ceux qui affectent les sols\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>r\u00e9duction de l\u2019humidit\u00e9 des sols\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>diminution de la pr\u00e9sence de mati\u00e8res organiques dans les sols\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>diminution de la fertilit\u00e9 des sols\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>formation d\u2019une cro\u00fbte \/ compactage des sols\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>apparition \/ croissance de la fr\u00e9quence \/ intensit\u00e9 des vents de poussi\u00e8re \/ de la formation et des mouvements des dunes\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>r\u00e9duction de la quantit\u00e9 et de la qualit\u00e9 des eaux de surface et\/ou souterraines\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>incidences sur l\u2019agriculture pluviale qui occupe une surface importante dans certains pays de l\u2019Afrique (Sahel et Maghreb)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>incidences sur l\u2019agriculture\u00a0; les restrictions en eau peuvent avoir des effets sur l\u2019irrigation des cultures, l\u2019utilisation domestique de l\u2019eau, notamment l\u2019arrosage des jardins ou l&rsquo;hygi\u00e8ne industrielle, le tourisme, etc.\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>augmentation du nombre de sources et de petits cours d\u2019eau qui s\u2019ass\u00e8chent\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration de la r\u00e9flexion relative de l\u2019\u00e9nergie solaire par les sols (modification de l\u2019alb\u00e9do).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ceux qui affectent la biodiversit\u00e9\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>r\u00e9duction de la couverture v\u00e9g\u00e9tale\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>diminution la biomasse a\u00e9rienne\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>diminution de la production\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>modification de la r\u00e9partition et de la fr\u00e9quence des esp\u00e8ces cl\u00e9s\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9gradation de la reproduction des esp\u00e8ces cl\u00e9s\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>augmentation de la fr\u00e9quence et de l\u2019ampleur des incendies (disparition de for\u00eats et d\u2019esp\u00e8ces animales).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ceux qui affectent les animaux (\u00e9levage)\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>modification de la r\u00e9partition et de la fr\u00e9quence des esp\u00e8ces cl\u00e9s\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>modification de la composition des troupeaux\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9clin de la production bovine.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ceux qui affectent les aspects socio\u00e9conomiques\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>changement des modes d\u2019utilisation des sols et de l\u2019eau\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>changement des modes d\u2019occupation des territoires (par exemple, abandon des villages)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>modification de la population (d\u00e9mographie, migration, sant\u00e9 publique)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>baisse\/pertes de r\u00e9colte\u00a0: les populations, notamment rurales, ont des difficult\u00e9s \u00e0 satisfaire leurs besoins et ceux de leurs troupeaux compte tenu de l\u2019augmentation du prix des produits agricoles sous l\u2019effet de la s\u00e9cheresse\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>apparition de maladies\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>exacerbation du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de pauvret\u00e9 et de d\u00e9peuplement rural, voire migration des populations\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>intensification des conflits entre groupes et tribus, marginalisation, changements li\u00e9s \u00e0 une d\u00e9pendance accrue \u00e0 l\u2019argent, etc.\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>apparition de sauterelles, avec les dommages qu\u2019elles causent \u00e0 la population rurale voire \u00e0 tout le pays.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec8428f elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"ec8428f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2481\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2481\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1 More information on types of Drought<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2481\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2481\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3783\" class=\"elementor elementor-3783\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c6b4c54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c6b4c54\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f37232b\" data-id=\"f37232b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8f5a9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8f5a9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Above all, we have to distinguish between drought and aridity. Indeed, the last one, is a constant climatic phenomenon to which the human was adapted. Nevertheless, the drought is a brutal and irregular reduction of water (Dauphin\u00e9, 2003).<\/p><p>Indeed, arid regions populations had developed, by the time, indigenous knowledge allowing them boosting spaces in desert environment (oasis).<br \/>The drought, starts like a climatic event in its initial phase, extends gradually to all the fields where water forwards. Thus, it is fundamental to distinguish various types of drought:<\/p><ul><li>Meteorological (lack of precipitations),<\/li><li>Agricultural ( when the conditions are not able to support agriculture and breeding),<\/li><li>Hydrological (lack of water in brooks and aquifers),<\/li><li>Socio-Economic (when the insufficiency of water starts to affect people and their lives),<\/li><li>The forest drought (refers to the situations where the moisture of the soil and the water reserves become insufficient to satisfy the needs for the trees, the herbaceous plants and forest fauna).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4e61b7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4e61b7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"318\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig5.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3786\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig5.jpg 318w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig5-300x175.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5: Arid Oued in semi- Arid Region (Algeria)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8393\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8393\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Pourquoi est-ce que la s\u00e9cheresse ou la d\u00e9sertification se produisent ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8393\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8393\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7975\" class=\"elementor elementor-7975 elementor-3792\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a655780 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a655780\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46aac40\" data-id=\"46aac40\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4739dcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4739dcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification se produisent \u00e0 cause de\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0la pr\u00e9disposition climatique de certaines r\u00e9gions arides et semi-arides dans le monde\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0l\u2019importance des populations vivant dans ces r\u00e9gions et qui ont de plus en plus de besoins\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0l\u2019\u00e9conomie de ces r\u00e9gions, fond\u00e9e sur l\u2019activit\u00e9 agricole, d\u00e9pend des ressources en eau et en sols.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ce qui provoque une pression de plus en plus forte et par cons\u00e9quent une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration du processus de d\u00e9gradation de l\u2019environnement, dont la d\u00e9sertification\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00a0migration et exode, avec des cons\u00e9quences conflictuelles sur les plans politiques et socio-\u00e9conomiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les incidences de cette migration sur les ressources naturelles sont doubles\u00a0: sur les zones de d\u00e9part et sur les zones d\u2019accueil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dans les zones de d\u00e9part<\/strong><br \/>\nLes zones quitt\u00e9es par les populations sont laiss\u00e9es dans un \u00e9tat de d\u00e9gradation, d\u2019improductivit\u00e9 et de fragilit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9rosion \u00e9olienne caus\u00e9 par la surexploitation. De plus, la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 des techniques de travail du sol, de fertilisation et d\u2019irrigation ne permet pas de produire un surplus qui pourrait \u00eatre r\u00e9investi dans leur am\u00e9lioration. De fait, le d\u00e9part des hommes laisse les femmes des zones rurales dans une situation compliqu\u00e9e dans laquelle elles vont devoir assumer un nouveau r\u00f4le auquel elles n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9par\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dans les zones d\u2019accueil<\/strong><br \/>\nDans la pratique, les migrants optent en majorit\u00e9 pour des syst\u00e8mes de production intensive. Ainsi, ils contribuent \u00e0 la r\u00e9duction du temps de jach\u00e8re, ce qui freine la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de la capacit\u00e9 productive des champs. On observe de ce fait une augmentation des troupeaux dans une seule r\u00e9gion. L\u2019introduction par les migrants d\u2019autres cultures, par exemple celle du coton au Mali, tend \u00e0 acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le rythme de la d\u00e9forestation des zones concern\u00e9es. D\u2019autres migrants pratiquent un braconnage intensif, responsable de d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres, dans les r\u00e9serves prot\u00e9g\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p>Au final, la pauvret\u00e9 engendre la d\u00e9sertification qui, \u00e0 son tour, engendre davantage de pauvret\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Du fait de la pression \u00e9conomique mondiale, les populations pratiquent une surexploitation des sols et, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, les populations les plus d\u00e9munies sont les plus affect\u00e9es.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8394\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8394\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. O\u00f9 surviennent la s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8394\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8394\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7977\" class=\"elementor elementor-7977 elementor-3798\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b7edf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b7edf8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b25d17d\" data-id=\"b25d17d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2ef8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f2ef8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Dans les r\u00e9gions m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, les zones les plus concern\u00e9es se r\u00e9partissent entre\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>les zones hyper arides, o\u00f9 les pr\u00e9cipitations sont inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 100 mm\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>les zones arides, o\u00f9 les pr\u00e9cipitations sont comprises entre 100 mm et 350 mm;<\/li>\n<li>les zones semi-arides, o\u00f9 les pr\u00e9cipitations sont comprises entre 350 et 600 mm;<\/li>\n<li>les zones subhumides, o\u00f9 les pr\u00e9cipitations sont comprises entre 600 et 800 mm\u00a0; ces zones sont particuli\u00e8rement affect\u00e9es par la s\u00e9cheresse, et notamment environ\u00a05,1 milliards ha (51 millions de km2), ce qui \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 la surface de France x 100.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le continent plus particuli\u00e8rement touch\u00e9 par la d\u00e9sertification et la s\u00e9cheresse est l\u2019Afrique, presque 60\u00a0% de ses sols \u00e9tant soit d\u00e9sertiques, soit arides. D\u00e9j\u00e0, un certain nombre de grandes famines ont touch\u00e9 la r\u00e9gion du Sahel et d\u00e9clench\u00e9 des migrations de population vers des terres plus hospitali\u00e8res. 10 millions de personnes victimes de la famine dans l\u2019Afrique subsaharienne devraient venir grossir les flux migratoires en direction de l\u2019Afrique du Nord et de l\u2019Europe.<\/p>\n<p>Selon l\u2019Unesco et l\u2019UNCCD, plus de 110 pays poss\u00e8dent des terres arides, potentiellement en danger de d\u00e9sertification. Ces terres s\u00e8ches (arides, semi-arides et subhumides), si elles sont r\u00e9parties dans toute l\u2019Afrique, couvrent aussi de grandes zones d\u2019Asie, d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine, d\u2019Australie et des \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019Afrique (le vieux continent oubli\u00e9)<\/p>\n<p>Les deux tiers du continent africain sont constitu\u00e9s de d\u00e9serts ou de terres arides. L\u2019Afrique poss\u00e8de le plus vaste territoire de terres arables arides, dont pr\u00e8s de trois quarts souffrent d\u00e9j\u00e0 de d\u00e9gradation, \u00e0 divers degr\u00e9s. En Afrique, les s\u00e9cheresses sont \u00e0 la fois graves et fr\u00e9quentes. Pour assurer leur subsistance, beaucoup de pays africains sont contraints de puiser abondamment dans leurs ressources naturelles. La d\u00e9sertification du continent a de graves cons\u00e9quences en termes de pauvret\u00e9 et de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-115bf19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"115bf19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 Examples of where do drought and desertification occur<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3801\" class=\"elementor elementor-3801\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-808a321 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"808a321\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-31e4e20\" data-id=\"31e4e20\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da405d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da405d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tdFaqCond row\"><ul><li><strong>Niger<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><strong>\u200b<\/strong>In this country, where climate conditions, explosive growth of the population, for lack of arable lands (insufficient to ensure a harvest or breed cattle), help increasing the vulnerability of this country towards food insecurity, more than three million people were jeopardized by the famine in 2005.<br \/>Much of them are confronted with forced exiles towards more fertile zones, in the South, towards the Benign and in the North towards Algeria and Libya and even Europe through fortune boats. This means not improbable that an important\u00a0exodus of immigrant populations, like the natives of Niger or Burkinabe, is directed towards the Beninese territory where the conditions of life are less difficult. This will without any doubt cause tensions between migrants and autochthones. More over, This process is already locally started (Pierre OZER, 2005).<ul><li><strong>The region of the Sahel<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>West Africa undergoes a drought without precedent. This persistent drought resulted in an increased desertification of the region: impoverishment of the soil in the surface and depth of the Chad Lake, modification of the flow of certain watercourses and the level of the groundwater. This desertification has dramatic consequences for the 44 million inhabitants of the Sahel: reduction in drinkable water resources, lower agricultural outputs, losses of livestock and famines (in particular for the periods 1968-1973 and 1980-1984). The drought of the Sahel is the one which sensitized the international opinion with 600000 deaths between 1972 and so much between 1984-1985 (Matari, 2007).<ul><li><strong>Countries of the Maghreb<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>The Maghreb, with a lesser intensity, was not saved from this risk. Indeed, multiannual droughts continued during these last decades and had an indisputable impact on the steppe ecosystems, in this particular case, the most vulnerable ecosystems to the desertification but also in particular on cereal and fodder agricultural productions.<ul><li><strong>Asia<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>Asia presents 1.7 billion hectares of arid lands, semi-arid lands and arid sub-wetlands located between the Mediterranean coast and the Pacific shores. The degraded areas include deserts expanding in China, in India, in Iran, in Mongolia and in Pakistan, sand encroachment in Syria, mountainous slopes deeply eroded in Nepal, and medium mountains deforested and overgrazing in Popular Democratic Republic of Laos. In terms of many people affected by desertification and drought, Asia is the most seriously affected continent.<br \/>In terms of number of persons affected by the desertification and the droughts, Asia is the most seriously affected continent.<ul><li><strong>Latin America and the Caribbean<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>Deserts and arid lands cover approximately a quarter of Latin America and the Caribbean, rather known regions for their ombrophil forests. Poverty and pressures exerted on the available lands resources cause degradation of the grounds in these arid areas.<ul><li><strong>Europe<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>At the moment, 17 % of the European population is affected by the problem of water lack. However, in the absence of new measures, the situation of \u00a0\u00bb severe hydric stress \u00a0\u00bb could increase more.<\/p><p>The drought is pertaining to the natural conditions, such as the pluviometric deficit. During the last thirty years, these episodes considerably increased in number and in intensity in the Union. The cost of the damages caused in the European economy during this period was estimated at an amount included between 85 and 100 billions \u20ac.<\/p><p>In 2003, one of the greatest droughts affected more than 100 million persons and near a third of the territory of the EU, involving a damage evaluated to 8,7 billions \u20ac. As a rough guide, in the U.E. 1303: knew the most important aridity of the millennium: the Rhine could be crossed on foot.<br \/>The droughts of the years: 1540, 1719, 1874, on 1906, 1911, 1912, on 1921, 1945, 1947, on 1949, 1953, 1957, on 1964 are very revealing of the continent vulnerability.<\/p><p>For recent period, the droughts of 1976, 1988 1989, 1990, 1991, on 1992 and 2003 had important impacts on the ecosystems and the cultures<br \/>Europe, as well as on the health (abnormally high death rate linked to the scorching heat, the number of deaths being from 15000 deaths to France (vulnerable persons)).<\/p><p>Also, Spain is confronted with a water shortage stressed by the drought (MARGAT, on 1990).<br \/>Besides, forest fires know an outbreak in particular in the Mediterranean Basin. Portugal was a victim since 2001: 800 000ha missing persons. It&rsquo;s the same for Greece, Spain and the South of France.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"row\">\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8395\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8395\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. Quelles pourraient \u00eatre les cons\u00e9quences de la s\u00e9cheresse et de la d\u00e9sertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8395\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8395\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7979\" class=\"elementor elementor-7979 elementor-3806\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3f1f9fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3f1f9fd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9cdad32\" data-id=\"9cdad32\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b8bc95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b8bc95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La s\u00e9cheresse et la d\u00e9sertification ont des effets sur tous les aspects de la vie, ce qui montre bien \u00e0 quel point l\u2019environnement et les moyens de subsistance sont interd\u00e9pendants. Les cons\u00e9quences sont de divers ordres\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les\u00a0<\/strong><strong>cons\u00e9quences sur le plan humain<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La d\u00e9sertification et la s\u00e9cheresse exacerbent la pauvret\u00e9 et, ce faisant, l\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique. Elles contribuent de mani\u00e8re importante \u00e0 la raret\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, induisant des d\u00e9placements internes de population, des migrations et des ruptures sociales. Elles peuvent \u00eatre une cause majeure d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 sociale, de tensions, voire de conflits arm\u00e9s entre pays voisins. Il appara\u00eet de plus en plus clairement qu\u2019il existe souvent une relation \u00e9troite entre les troubles et les conflits sociaux, d\u2019une part, et les probl\u00e8mes environnementaux comme la d\u00e9sertification, d\u2019autre part.<\/p>\n<p>Plus de 500\u00a0000 Subsahariens sont actuellement mass\u00e9s sur les c\u00f4tes de la Mauritanie dans l\u2019espoir d\u2019atteindre les Iles Canaries\u00a0; et ce n\u2019est que le d\u00e9but parce que, selon les Nations Unies, presque 60 millions de personnes quitteront la r\u00e9gion subsaharienne et les r\u00e9gions affect\u00e9es par la d\u00e9sertification pour rejoindre l\u2019Afrique du Nord et l\u2019Europe d\u2019ici 2020.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les cons\u00e9quences socio\u00e9conomiques<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La d\u00e9gradation des terres r\u00e9sultant de la s\u00e9cheresse, de la d\u00e9sertification et des changements climatiques affecte une part importante des terres arables de la plan\u00e8te et a des cons\u00e9quences directes sur le niveau de vie des populations et le d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique des pays. Elle implique des pertes \u00e9conomiques pour les fermiers, elle perturbe les march\u00e9s alimentaires locaux et r\u00e9gionaux et elle est une source d\u2019instabilit\u00e9 politique et sociale.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019appauvrissement des sols d\u00fb aux effets de la s\u00e9cheresse et de la d\u00e9sertification entra\u00eene pauvret\u00e9 et \u00e9rosion socio-culturelle. Il y a un rel\u00e2chement des structures traditionnelles et leur transformation sous les effets de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de march\u00e9 (BEDRANI, BESSAOUD, 2006).<\/p>\n<p>Les premi\u00e8res \u00e9valuations effectu\u00e9es sur les cons\u00e9quences de la s\u00e9cheresse en France, par exemple, avancent le chiffre d\u2019un milliard d\u2019euros de dommages pour l\u2019agriculture et 1,6 milliards d\u2019euros pour les dommages caus\u00e9s par les incendies. Il reste \u00e0 \u00e9valuer l\u2019impact de ces \u00e9v\u00e9nements sur le patrimoine culturel et la nature (Communiqu\u00e9 de presse, premi\u00e8re \u00e9valuation des cons\u00e9quences de la s\u00e9cheresse, rapport du Conseil des ministres fran\u00e7ais).<\/p>\n<p>En Afrique du Nord, par exemple, le co\u00fbt annuel de la d\u00e9sertification se situe entre 0,4\u00a0% et 1,36\u00a0% du PIB, pour respectivement le Maroc et l\u2019Alg\u00e9rie. Dans les pays subsahariens, il se situe entre 1\u00a0% et 10\u00a0% du PIB agricole. Globalement, ces co\u00fbts sont sous-estim\u00e9s dans la mesure o\u00f9 ils ne tiennent compte que des co\u00fbts directs de la d\u00e9sertification (uniquement les pertes agricoles).<\/p>\n<p>Au niveau socio-\u00e9conomique, la d\u00e9sertification r\u00e9duit consid\u00e9rablement les ressources \u00e9conomiques. Selon les nouvelles \u00e9tudes de la Banque mondiale, la perte des ressources naturelles d\u2019un pays du Sahel correspond \u00e0 20\u00a0% de son produit int\u00e9rieur brut (PIB) annuel. On estime qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle mondiale, les d\u00e9ficits des zones imm\u00e9diatement touch\u00e9es par la d\u00e9sertification s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8vent \u00e0 42 milliards de dollars par an environ. Les co\u00fbts \u00e9conomiques et les co\u00fbts sociaux indirects induits en dehors des zones touch\u00e9es, y compris par la recrudescence des \u00ab r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s \u00e9cologiques \u00bb et la baisse de la production alimentaire nationale, pourraient \u00eatre beaucoup plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Les cons\u00e9quences sur l\u2019environnement<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que les zones \u00e0 la p\u00e9riph\u00e9rie des d\u00e9serts sont soumises \u00e0 un processus de d\u00e9sertification de plus en plus fort, la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation a disparu sur des centaines de millions d\u2019hectares et de nouvelles terres (fines couches) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 transport\u00e9es par les vents. Ces couches fines r\u00e9duites en poussi\u00e8res ont tr\u00e8s fortement augment\u00e9 depuis les ann\u00e9es 80.<\/p>\n<p>Chaque ann\u00e9e, le Sahara injecte pr\u00e8s d\u2019un milliard de tonnes de poussi\u00e8res dans l\u2019atmosph\u00e8re. Plus de 100 millions de tonnes de ces poussi\u00e8res prennent la direction de l\u2019Europe. Elles constituent de v\u00e9ritables probl\u00e8mes de sant\u00e9 publique dans le sud de l\u2019Europe, comme en Espagne, car l\u2019importante concentration de ces particules fines d\u00e9grade la qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019air qui est respir\u00e9.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Le patrimoine culturel<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Les communaut\u00e9s vivant dans les d\u00e9serts ou aux environs vivent en parfaite harmonie avec la nature en maintenant des traditions et un savoir communs. Ces traditions sont mises en danger par les pressions \u00e9conomiques et une augmentation des probl\u00e8mes environnementaux dus \u00e0 la s\u00e9cheresse, \u00e0 la d\u00e9sertification et au changement climatique.<\/p>\n<p>De toute \u00e9vidence, si ces communaut\u00e9s sont oblig\u00e9es d\u2019abandonner leur culture pour survivre ou d\u2019adopter un nouveau mode de vie, un patrimoine mondial d\u2019une valeur inestimable sera perdu.<\/p>\n<p>Un bon exemple est celui de l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me des oasis (ou agriculture des oasis), consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme faisant partie du patrimoine culturel dans tout le Maghreb\u00a0: il doit faire face \u00e0 de multiples probl\u00e8mes environnementaux qui menacent sa subsistance.<\/p>\n<p>La menace la plus importante est le sable (stade extr\u00eame de la d\u00e9sertification), qui menace les zones urbaines, les terres agricoles et les plantations de palmiers (pr\u00e8s de 60\u00a0%) ainsi que les canaux d\u2019irrigation (30 km) et les routes (10 km).<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e27786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8e27786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"372\" height=\"231\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig6.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3811\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig6.jpg 372w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/fig6-300x186.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 372px) 100vw, 372px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 &#8211; Sand dune of village at Sahara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4ab6b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"f4ab6b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.1. More information on Human Consequences<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2561\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3816\" class=\"elementor elementor-3816\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02125d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"02125d5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2733804\" data-id=\"2733804\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f7fad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"11f7fad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Consequences on health (Human, animal and vegetal)<\/strong><\/p><p>Drought and desertification (climate changes impacts) disturb the ecosystem and support the propagation of certain harmful insects and diseases of humans, plants and animals. According to the research results, higher average temperatures will increase the fertility rate and of growth of the devastating insects and the frequency of epidemics, and will allow insects, diseases and adventitious to gain new geographical surfaces.<\/p><p><u>Human health<\/u><\/p><p>Drought and desertification (climate changes impacts) are generally accompanied by a qualitative and quantitative degradation of water resources, and often of the development of epidemics (cholera, malaria etc).<\/p><p>Winds are also, at the time of the sandstorms, vector of ophthalmologic diseases (conjunctivitis).<br \/>In addition, as migratory movements empty rural areas, cities fill under often disastrous sanitary arrangements, for lack of infrastructures of cleansing of waste water, of liquid waste processing, management of waste; in these cases the prevention and the medical departments will be largely insufficient.<\/p><p>Drought and desertification (climate changes impacts) disturb the ecosystem and support the propagation of certain harmful insects and diseases of humans, plants and animals. According to the research results, higher average temperatures will increase the fertility rate and of growth of the devastating insects and the frequency of epidemics, and will allow insects, diseases and adventitious to gain new geographical surfaces&#8230;<\/p><p><u>Animal and vegetable health<\/u><\/p><p>Drought and desertification (climate changes impacts) cause the decimation of herds for lack of grass. New diseases appear. For example, in countries of the Sahel (for periods of hot summer days), cows generally die at the time when they put low, often calves are premature. The veterinary surgeons as of these areas bound these new diseases to climate change.<\/p><p>The modification of the mode of winds is likely to change the diffusion of insects as well as bacteria and mushrooms vectors of plants diseases. The rise in the winter temperatures will support the multiplication of bee moths drilling machines in the rice systems for example.<br \/>Studies reveal that the number of parasitoids &#8211; insects such as wasps and flies which lay their eggs on \/or inside the caterpillars &#8211; falls in the event of irregular rains. However, these parasitoids are very useful in the biological fight against ravagers of many tropical cultures.<\/p><p>The World Health Organization established a clear bond between the strong rains which have affected the major part of the East Africa at the beginning of 2008 and the recrudescence of malaria. Dengue for example, grave disease caused by a virus transmitted by the mosquitoes, reached catastrophic epidemic levels in the Caribbean.<br \/>Appearance of mildew in certain areas of potato growing, a disease which is spread under the hotter and wet conditions.<\/p><p><strong>Consequences on soil and biodiversity:<\/strong><\/p><p><u>On soil<\/u><\/p><ul><li>Reduction of soils thickness;<\/li><li>Reduction in the organic matter of soils;<\/li><li>Reduction in the fertility of the soils;<\/li><li>Formation of a crust\/soils compaction;<\/li><li>Appearance\/growth of the frequency\/intensity of winds of dust\/formation and movements of dunes;<\/li><li>Saltiness\/alkalization;<\/li><li>Reduction in quantity and quality of surface and\/or underground water ;<\/li><li>Effects on the pluvial agriculture which occupies an important surface of countries for example Africa (the Sahel and the Maghreb);<\/li><li>Irrigated agriculture is also affected; water restrictions can be pertaining to irrigation of crops, the domestic uses of water, such as gardens watering or industrial sampling, tourist etc;<\/li><li>Increase in the sources arid up and the small watercourses;<\/li><\/ul><p>Deterioration of the relative reflectance of grounds (change of the albedo).<\/p><p><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/templates\/00001\/data\/fig7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"518\" height=\"480\" \/><\/em><\/p><p><em>Figure -7-: Map of the geography of water dominant problems in the world (MARGAT, 1990)<\/em><\/p><p><u>On biodiversity<\/u><\/p><ul><li>Reduction in the cover;<\/li><li>Decrease of air biomass;<\/li><li>Decrease of production;<\/li><li>Modification of distribution and frequency of key species;<\/li><li>Deterioration of the reproduction of key species.<\/li><li>Firewood is more current and more important (loss of forest and animal species);<\/li><\/ul><p><u>On animal (breeding)<\/u><\/p><ul><li>Modification of distribution and frequency of key species.<\/li><li>Change of composition of herds.<\/li><li>Decline of the production of cattle.<\/li><li>the productivity of the cattle.<\/li><\/ul><p><u>Global consequences on the human stabilization<\/u><\/p><p>Drought and desertification are unquestionable threats for the food security of the 9 billion individuals who will have to be nourished in the middle of the 21st century. Their healthy food would be likely to triple production capacities food from here 2050. Nevertheless, paradoxically, arable surfaces decline. It is provided that the developed countries will have seen passing their arable surfaces from 0.65 to 0.4 hectares through anybody between 1990 and 2010.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.2 More information on Socio-economic consequences<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2562\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3820\" class=\"elementor elementor-3820\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4e4ea68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4e4ea68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3626cfa\" data-id=\"3626cfa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a8463a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a8463a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Then, desertification and drought exacerbate poverty and thus political instability. It contributes in an important way to the scarcity of water, with interior displacements of populations, the migrations and social ruptures. That can be a major cause of social instability, tensions between bordering countries, even of armed conflicts. It appears more and more clearly that there is often a close relationship between disorders and social conflicts, on the one hand, and environmental problems, like desertification, on the other hand.<\/p><p><strong>Socio-economic consequences<\/strong><\/p><p>The impact is essentially on:<\/p><ul><li>The agricultural systems (falls of returns, the quality is affected\u2026)<\/li><li>Declines of agricultural income: this situation is more marked at the level of countries on agricultural economic base.<\/li><\/ul><p>The lands degradation of consequence of drought, desertification and change of climate, affects a significant share of arable lands of the planet and has a direct impact on the standard of living of populations and the economic development of countries. It involves economic losses for farmers, it disturbs the local and regional food markets and it is source of a social and political instability.<\/p><p>The soil impoverishment by the effect of drought and desertification is carrying poverty and socio-cultural erosion. It is a relaxation of traditional structures and their transformation under effects of the market economy (BEDRANI, BESSAOUD, 2006).<\/p><p>The first assessments carried out on consequences of drought in France for example, advance the figure of a billion Euros of damage for agriculture and 1.6 billion Euros for the damage caused by fires. It still remains to evaluate the impact of these events on cultural heritage and naturalness.<br \/>(Press release, first assessment of drought consequences, reported by the French Council of Ministers).<\/p><p>In North Africa, for instance the annual costs of desertification included are between 1.36% from the PIB (Algeria) and 0.4% (Morocco). In the sub-Saharan countries, they range between 1 and 10 % of the agricultural PIB. These costs are under-estimated altogether. They take into account, indeed, only the direct costs of desertification (only agricultural losses).<\/p><p>On the socio-economic level, desertification reduces economic resources considerably. According to a new research of the World Bank, the loss of natural resources of a country of the Sahel corresponds to 20% of its annual (PIB) gross domestic product. It is estimated that on a worldwide scale, the shortfall of zones immediately affected by desertification amounts to 42 billion dollars per annum approximately. Economic costs and social indirect undergone apart from the Affected areas, including the surge of \u201cecological refugees\u201d and the national food production loss, could be definitely higher.<\/p><p>The infringement of the systems of production leads to an indisputable poverty, where from a threat of famine. To escape it, men, women and children make appeal to the exodus towards lands more favorable to the life.<\/p><p>The case most illustrating is of that of the migrants en masse from the desert regions of Sahel towards Spain.<\/p><p>It is worth noting that the FAO plans before 2020, a migratory flow about 60 million persons of the desert regions of sub-Saharan Africa towards North Africa and Europe with all that it leads to socioeconomic pressure and thus, political on the territories of reception.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.3 More information on Environmental consequences<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2563\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3824\" class=\"elementor elementor-3824\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9e7ccc9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9e7ccc9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ab39b7\" data-id=\"0ab39b7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b877e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b877e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Since zones died desert are subject to the processes more and more accelerated by desertification, the vegetation disappeared on hundreds of million hectares, of new grounds (fine cover) were taken by the wind. By the effect of the wind erosion more and more increased in the weather.<br \/>More than 100 million tons of these dusts take the path of Europe in the indisputable consequences both for the health and the environment generally.<br \/>Perpetually for a better living environment in development of indigenous knowledge.<\/p><p>Drought and desertification cause sometimes irreversible risks on biodiversity, on the soil and vegetation impoverishment. They involve a modification of floristic composition, a reduction in the covering of the produced biomass and capacities of growth and reproduction of vegetation.<\/p><p>The most alarming consequences with respect to biodiversity appear on:<\/p><ul><li>The wildlife and domestic fauna, whose management conditions are bad;<\/li><li>Flora, where certain species are jeopardized;<\/li><li>Certain waterways, formerly permanent and which became intermittent and upsetting biotopes of many species;<\/li><li>Migratory birds which constitute a world heritage and which find in the Sahel of the increasingly precarious habitats in residual wetlands.<\/li><li>Degradation pertaining to an overexploitation of grounds until exhaustion, the overexploitation and the bad use of grounds in arid regions caused a change of climate at the global level which is accelerated by climate changes.<\/li><li>Degradation pertaining to the overgrazing destroying the vegetable cover which protects grounds against erosion<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0cabec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b0cabec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"532\" height=\"405\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3826\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2-1.jpg 532w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q1-figure-2-1-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 532px) 100vw, 532px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure-8\u2013 Combination effect of drought and overgrazing in the steppe zones<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cdf65a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7cdf65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">The soil impoverishment pertaining to the bad practices as regards irrigation involve an increase in salinity, and drain sometimes the waterways that feed the big lakes.<\/span><\/p><ul><li>The deforestation destroys trees which protect the ground against hydrous and wind erosion. Wood is the domestic independent source of energy (lighting, cooking) in many rural areas.<\/li><\/ul><p>Risks of grasshoppers invasions in the catastrophic consequences on environment and agricultural economics.<\/p><p>Where a risk can activate another one.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.4 More information on Cultural inheritance<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2564\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2564\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3833\" class=\"elementor elementor-3833\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8cb759c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8cb759c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02342bf\" data-id=\"02342bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ed5caf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0ed5caf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The communities which live in deserts or in neighborhoods live in perfect harmony with nature and maintain traditions and single knowledge, these receipts are jeopardized by economic pressures and increasing environmental problems due to drought, desertification and climate change.<\/p><p>Though, it is obvious, that if men are obliged to give up their culture to survive or adopt a new mode of life, a world patrimony of a priceless value will be lost.<br \/>The alive example is the one of the oasis ecosystem where the oasis agriculture which is considered as a cultural heritage in Algeria, even in all the Maghreb knows environmental requirements linked mainly to the blocking with sand which compromises in the long term the durability of these ecological entities of human but ingenious conception (ancestral knowledge in: water management, the ground, the local bio-resources and the built).<\/p><p>In these areas, the most important threat is the silting up (extreme stage of the desertification). He threatens, the towns, Ksours, farmlands, palm groves, roads&#8230;.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4136647 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4136647\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"610\" height=\"339\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q5-figure-9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3841\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q5-figure-9.jpg 610w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q5-figure-9-300x167.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 9: Sand dune of a village in Sahara<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd83ecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd83ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">So, we attend a threat of preservation of the natural, historical and cultural sites such as: ksour, of a big patrimonial wealth, is also threatened by the blocking with sand, Saoura, Gourara, Touat and Tidikelt in the southwest of Algeria. Ksar de Taghit is considered as a famous historic and tourist site of rupestral engravings).<\/span><\/p><p>Their conception allows to emphasize indigenous knowledge, exploited could establish an experience to ease and better manage the impacts of the global warming.<\/p><p>Recapitulation on the process drought \/ desertification and climate changes:<\/p><p>Having reviewed, all the triggering factors and partial consequences which ensue from it we cannot omit to make the synthesis of the various interactions amplifying the impacts of the risks object of the BE SAFE NET, through the plan illustrating the enchainment and the interdependence of the risks in the deeply moving consequences of the systems of production and socioeconomic organization. As an example, the droughts which raged in 1972\/73 in Sahel forced the breeders to settle and the farmers to reduce their food-producing plots of land. The consequences were heavy and amounted to 200 000 deaths for only year of 1973.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8396\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8396\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. Le comportement humain peut-il influer sur les cons\u00e9quences de la s\u00e9cheresse et de la d\u00e9sertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8396\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8396\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"7981\" class=\"elementor elementor-7981 elementor-3847\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b9cadf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b9cadf4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-931fb0f\" data-id=\"931fb0f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45023af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45023af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le comportement humain peut en effet influer sur les cons\u00e9quences de la s\u00e9cheresse et de la d\u00e9sertification (cons\u00e9quence du changement climatique) par diverses mesures de nature scientifique, technique, sociale et politique.<\/p>\n<p><u>Mesures scientifiques et techniques<\/u>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>accroissement des ressources en eau, en particulier gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 une meilleure gestion des stocks (techniques d\u2019irrigation qui \u00e9vitent le gaspillage et la salinit\u00e9 des sols)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>plantation de v\u00e9g\u00e9tation (arbres, barrages verts);<\/li>\n<li>stabilisation des dunes par une v\u00e9g\u00e9tation adapt\u00e9e et d\u2019autres moyens respectueux de l\u2019environnement;<\/li>\n<li>ma\u00eetrise de l\u2019irrigation, drainage;<\/li>\n<li>identification et d\u00e9veloppement de cultures adapt\u00e9es au stress hydrique et salin;<\/li>\n<li>mise en place de r\u00e9seaux d\u2019observation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes vuln\u00e9rables et des p\u00e9rim\u00e8tres irrigu\u00e9s\u00a0: d\u00e9veloppement de syst\u00e8mes d\u2019alerte pr\u00e9coce;<\/li>\n<li>augmentation de la capacit\u00e9 des sols \u00e0 retenir l\u2019eau pour permettre le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agriculture (amendement organique).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5af60ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5af60ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"435\" height=\"331\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-10.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3852\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-10.jpg 435w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-10-300x228.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 435px) 100vw, 435px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 10: Green Dam (isohy\u00e8tes 300 \/ 200mm \/ Algeria)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3293054 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3293054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"821\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-11a.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3857\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-11a.jpg 821w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-11a-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q6-figure-11a-768x421.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 11: refforestation in semi-arid region<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-594eed9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"594eed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u>Mesures sociales<\/u>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mise \u00e0 profit du \u00ab\u00a0savoir indig\u00e8ne\u00a0\u00bb des communaut\u00e9s locales (par exemple, gestion des oasis du Sahara)\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>\u00e9ducation des populations pour favoriser chez ces derni\u00e8res une prise de conscience et un changement des attitudes et des comportements\u00a0;<\/li>\n<li>formation technique des populations;<\/li>\n<li>aide alimentaire, offre de ressources de substitution (par exemple, gaz au lieu du bois).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><u>Mesures politiques<\/u>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>adoption de mesures l\u00e9gislatives, par exemple lois de protection;<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9veloppement de politiques et strat\u00e9gies nationales d\u2019intervention (lutte contre l\u2019\u00e9rosion, production de biomasse et reforestation, contr\u00f4le et valorisation des ressources en eau, r\u00e9organisation des activit\u00e9s pastorales, modernisation de la production, diversification et d\u00e9veloppement de nouvelles activit\u00e9s);<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9veloppement de programmes internationaux, en particulier pour la surveillance de la d\u00e9sertification et le partage d\u2019exp\u00e9riences et de bonnes pratiques.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8397\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8397\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. Can the causes of drought and desertification be influenced by human behaviour ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8397\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8397\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3863\" class=\"elementor elementor-3863\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dfcc21a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dfcc21a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf53ee3\" data-id=\"cf53ee3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a92a9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0a92a9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Despite human awareness of these risks, the means made available to halt, manage or limit desertification have so far not been proportional to the scale of these risks. Whilst the notion of sustainable development has only recently emerged as a profitable model, there are other models of development that have long been adopted by traditional societies and which were always sustainable: consider the example of oases discussed above.<br \/><br \/>It is clear that the extent of people\u2019s willingness to adapt their practices influences the causes of drought and desertification. Good practices include the conservation of biodiversity; the protection of land which is already arid; appropriate use of land likely to maintain high levels of fertility so as to spare more fragile areas; rational and economic usage of surface and subterranean water supplies; mastery of better irrigation and drainage systems.<br \/><br \/>Steps can also be taken to protect forests from fires and deforestation and to protect pasture zones. This can have a positive influence on the regeneration of the undergrowth and can protect these zones from wind erosion (winds storms and dune movements) and hydric erosion (loss of fertile ground cover).<br \/><br \/>In steppe regions, the conservation of pasture lands against over-grazing or any kind of degradation is one of the key actions taken by the populations which live there. This action must also be respected at policy level and by governments and administrations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8398\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8398\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Can drought and desertification be predicted ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8398\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8398\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3869\" class=\"elementor elementor-3869\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-655445e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"655445e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-131c262\" data-id=\"131c262\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5821c87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5821c87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>There are, on the one hand, traditional methods of predicting risks pertaining to drought or desertification (indigenous knowledge and local experience, e.g. of sandstorms) and, on the other hand, those based on scientific research (measurements and modelling).<br \/><br \/>Some research has included data modelling of the atmosphere, while other research has studied cycles of drought, or tried to identify which physical factors can be used to make predictions (starting from solar activity or anomalies in the surface temperature of oceans and comparing them with past climatic cycles).\u00a0<br \/><br \/>In order to do so, it is first of all necessary to collect measurements and data on precipitation, the flow of waterways, and water levels, in various climatological and hydrometric stations in all countries prone to these risks. With the help of these data, it is possible to carry out statistical analyses to determine the average conditions over a long period of time, to identify the possible beginning of a drought and the seriousness of a drought that has already set in. Mechanisms to reduce the harshness of the drought can then be put in place.\u00a0<br \/>Besides the physical indicators, there are also mechanisms which take measurements using bioindicators.\u00a0<br \/><br \/>The difficulty lies in predicting the onset date, the duration and the intensity of the periods of drought or desertification. Desertification is closely related to drought and in fact the onset of one often provokes the other.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8399\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8399\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Is there any way to prevent drought and desertification ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8399\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8399\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3872\" class=\"elementor elementor-3872\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-119eb84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"119eb84\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc271d9\" data-id=\"dc271d9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd6d426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd6d426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>It is easier to prevent the factors leading to drought and desertification than it is to treat the symptoms. Early warning systems which can forecast drought and sandstorms (causes of desertification) make it possible to implement plans in preparation for these in a timely manner. In the case of drought, there are several strategies or measures that could be implemented on farms, notably concerning replacement crops, soil and water protection systems and water recovery techniques. These measures could increase the resistance of soils to drought and would allow production to meet the levels needed; they would lead to a reduction in the number of ecological refugees and cases of drought would no longer be such an emergency. With regard to sandstorms (a cause of desertification), devices and means of protection could be placed at the public\u2019s disposal (e.g. telephones or refuges) in order to help them protect themselves from the dangers of sandstorms.<br \/><br \/>Intervention devices for redirecting assistance are also necessary in preparation for periods of great shortage or even famine.<br \/><br \/>To surmount the risks linked to drought and desertification, good management of potential crises would include assigning to the most competent department the task of establishing\u00a0an inter-sectoral unit to manage risks.<br \/><br \/>NB: when locating intervention units during storms or the very hot season, the parameter outstrip must be taken into account to allow for the greatest efficiency during emergency operations.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-83910\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-83910\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Is there any way to mitigate the consequences of drought and desertification?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-83910\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-83910\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3875\" class=\"elementor elementor-3875\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-896c73f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"896c73f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a463582\" data-id=\"a463582\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13bf7f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"13bf7f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The best way of minimising the risk of drought and desertification is to refer to the traditional or indigenous knowledge of the local populations in arid regions.<br \/><br \/><strong>Traditional or indigenous knowledge<\/strong><br \/><br \/>Local populations have a wealth of traditional knowledge about their environment and tend to use indigenous methods that are well adapted to local conditions. It is vital that such practices are applied, protected and improved at the national and regional levels. In many cases, they prove to be more sustainable than the short-term solutions, which only tackle drought and desertification (see Figure 12).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2970cf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2970cf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"642\" height=\"376\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3880\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-12.jpg 642w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-12-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 642px) 100vw, 642px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 12: Oases in sand dune environment (Souf, Algeria)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5b43807 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5b43807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Several arid regions offer good examples of how to live harmoniously with the environment. Nomadic lifestyles are particularly well adapted to the special conditions of arid lands; notably by moving from one water source to another and by never staying on the same land. These pastoral populations only have a small impact on the environment as long as their routes are chosen in a responsible manner.<\/span><\/p><p>In Algeria, the many policies aimed at fighting desertification have been diversified; since the 1970s, the authorities have undertaken actions such as the \u201cGreen Dam\u201d (see Figure 13), the implementation of pastoral cooperatives, the enactment of a Pastoral Code, the introduction of land value stake programmes (DGF2, 2004), usage of surface water and the introduction of renewable energies.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96265f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"96265f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"455\" height=\"350\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3885\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-13.jpg 455w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q10-figure-13-300x231.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 455px) 100vw, 455px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 13: Localization of the green dam in Algeria<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1ea650 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"b1ea650\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10.1. More information on ways to mitigate the consequences of drought and desertification<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1861\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1861\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3891\" class=\"elementor elementor-3891\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-15143c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"15143c5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-58c5d6f\" data-id=\"58c5d6f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fbdd31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fbdd31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Other actions can limit the consequences of the drought and desertification as for example:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Regeneration and fertilization of soils<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>To fertilize the soil, it is worth preparing compost, which will become humus and regenerate the soil with its organic matter.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Economy of water<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Mitigation of drought passes by a better management of water, a good economy and a collective management of the resource (more sparing systems of irrigation).<br \/>In period of drought, it is necessary to treat on a hierarchical basis uses of water, to limit them, even to prohibit some of them to privilege others of them.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Fight the wind effects<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>This action is more effective by associating the mechanical fight with the biological fight by building barriers and by stabilizing the progress of sand dunes with local plants besides device mechanics. This way of operating takes into account experiences indigenous knowledge premises which proved their efficiency especially at the level of the blackheads of the main highways of Sahara.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><strong>Refforestation<\/strong><\/p><p><strong>Practice culturale adapted<\/strong><\/p><p>Elaborate sustainable agricultural practices and Adapt cultural plans<br \/>Most of the experts agree to say that a combination of global and local strategies can make a lot to help the producers to hold out. The agriculture of preservation, which minimizes the work of the ground, can improve the use of the water, the detention of the carbon and the capacity, to support climatic stress. The producers will have to modify their farming calendar and the plants which they cultivate. For example, the sorghum can better suit than the corn in the drier conditions planned in certain zones of Africa. In South Africa, the farmers already take into account the new distribution of rains and delay the sowing of corn.<br \/>Other option, it is worth thinking of using agricultural practices as the direct sowing, which consists in sowing directly in the ground of the seeds of perennials supporting the drought.<\/p><p><strong>Livestock (breeding)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>The use of improved local breeds are better suited to the climate and its variations that imported breeds. Example: During a recent drought, farmers in Uganda who had kept their Ankole cattle were able to drive to distant water, while those who were replaced by imported breeds lost everything.<\/li><li>Where are scarce pastures and forage crops as possible, it is also advisable to keep animals in the lairage to reduce their pressure on the environment.<\/li><li>Efforts are underway to recover forage and other foods and make them more digestible for ruminants.<\/li><li>Similarly, we look forwards to improve the management of waste (manure and slurry) to reduce methane emissions, notably through more efficient conversion into biogas.<\/li><li>Combating desertification is also through a less intensive pasture practice (rotation term) which requires a good knowledge of livestock production and rangeland fodder balances (production \/ consomation).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-83911\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-83911\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. What should be done during a period of drought or desertification?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-83911\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-83911\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3895\" class=\"elementor elementor-3895\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ab248a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ab248a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9d989f1\" data-id=\"9d989f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e02499 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e02499\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>In the event of drought or desertification, public authorities should implement primary measures to preserve key resources, notably water (awareness raising among the largest water consumers, informing citizens of the situation, initial restrictions on water usage). If the situation worsens, more restrictive measures can then be taken.<br \/><br \/>Awareness raising, education and training are steps that can be taken at the first sign of risks pertaining to drought and desertification.\u00a0<br \/>Awareness of risks and safeguarding of the environment can be developed through several concrete measures taken at the local level (city, district and region). There are several ways of disseminating information:<\/p><ul><li>communication with citizens;<\/li><li>organisation of conferences, sharing of knowledge, projection of videos, literature, exhibitions, television and radio broadcasts, etc..<\/li><\/ul><p>Education and preventative training on the subject of drought and desertification can, as a complement to the education provided by families, state education and other societal actors, help to build a true culture of understanding the risks of drought and desertification.<br \/>In these cases, the national education system has a role to play in better informing the public about the issue of desertification and drought, in particular by including ecological and environmental education in the curriculum of primary and secondary schools, notably covering the following aspects: knowing one\u2019s environment; understanding the vulnerability of the environment; understanding existing interactions between humans and the environment and the risks that human activities can entail; learning good practices for emergency situations; raising awareness among children and pupils about the need to be pay attention to one\u2019s own behaviour; and how to encourage appropriate, responsible, and interdependent behaviours in others.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739176b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"739176b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"487\" height=\"597\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q11-figure-14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3900\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q11-figure-14.jpg 487w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q11-figure-14-245x300.jpg 245w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 487px) 100vw, 487px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76cf164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76cf164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>What can encourage local and national representatives to implement citizen safety plans in cases of risk?<br \/><br \/>Through the development of a risk culture, a pilot educational experiment on the risks of climate change in arid regions has been conducted by the Centre for Scientific and Technical Research on Arid Regions CRSTRA in Biskra, Algeria, in collaboration with the Green Club of the local secondary school. The book developed as part of this project with contributions from the children involved has been translated into three languages with a direct link to the Be Safe Net website.<br \/>To inculcate attitudes in the population that can mitigate these threats, the competent services (agriculture, forestry, civil protection, public safety, etc.) provide climate information, which constitutes an important resource to combat the negative effects of drought and desertification. Limited access to information is a constant obstacle to ensuring that appropriate measures are taken and that citizens and decision-makers can adapt their behaviour accordingly.<br \/><br \/>Citizens from rural areas and the general public must be encouraged to follow the weather forecast on television or on the radio in order to better manage their activities (farming activities, travel plans, etc.).<br \/><br \/>It is necessary to enhance early warning systems for drought and desertification (for instance, the occurrence of sandstorms), with news announcements by the competent authorities in the countries concerned, so that appropriate measures can be taken where there is a risk of damage to roads or other infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.).<br \/><br \/>Capacity building<br \/><br \/>Drought, desertification and other impacts of climate change do not take account of national borders. There is therefore a need for joint answers to these problems at the regional level. Regional co-operation has an enormous potential in developing regional programmes for the common management of water resources and in fighting against the propagation of diseases caused by climate change and sandstorms. The efforts required to implement adaptation measures and minimise risks are so extensive that no country alone can carry the burden. Regional co-operation can also increase coherence. These threats (such as Acrididae) know no borders, and water table exploitation as well as technical installations and management in the case of cross-border rivers require supranational and regional approaches.<br \/><br \/>Human resources must be reinforced by developing networks which will allow the various institutions to share information on adaptation research, measures for combating drought and desertification and the findings of local and regional desertification observatories.<br \/><br \/>Agricultural support programmes must be put in place to allow grazing ground to lie fallow, and special aids must be foreseen for the transportation of animal feed. Programmes must also ensure the payment of national insurance contributions, the advance payment of agricultural and farming subsidies or the use of cereal reserves supplied by donors (European Union and others) to supplement animal feed.\u00a0<br \/><br \/>Other sectors suffer from a lack of water, such as tourism (the reduced flow of certain waterways restricts their use for leisure or sports activities) and energy (as nuclear power plants need water to function). This situation has, for example, pushed EDF to reduce the output of its nuclear power plants.<br \/><br \/>When the risk of drought is high, all citizens must show good environmental citizenship by adopting the attitudes and good practices summarised in the sections above on prevention and precaution, which recommend a series of actions in order to prevent the serious consequences of such disasters in future. This can be assisted by implementing monitoring measures, safeguarding ecosystems and the environment, and stepping up environmental education, information campaigns and impact studies.<br \/><br \/>It must be borne in mind that successfully managing the environmental impact of drought and desertification depends on all segments of society: the state, citizens, economic actors, teachers, researchers and so on. Everyone should take responsibility and must be involved at their own level.<br \/><br \/>Moreover, in order to be effective, environmental management must be carried out in partnership with all segments of society, namely government ministries, local government, professional bodies, international partners and citizens.<br \/><br \/>Finally, the state must play a role in defining rules and laws on the environment and in ensuring their enforcement, following up on their implementation, guaranteeing the preservation and promotion of the environment, and ensuring a long-term and sustainable overview of any changes in areas at risk.<br \/><br \/>International dimension of environmental questions<br \/><br \/>Beyond national borders, in an era of globalisation, the international dimension of environmental questions calls for action. The persistence and scope of drought, desertification and other effects of climate change are challenges for all countries and must bring them together on a global scale.<br \/><br \/>This is why countries affected by these disasters are resolutely committed to international co-operation and have ratified about thirty conventions relating to the environment. The most important are the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Convention on Wetlands, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (see\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/events\/rio92\/agenda21\/action12.htm\">http:\/\/www.un.org\/events\/rio92\/agenda21\/action12.htm<\/a>).<br \/><br \/>The effectiveness of these treaties depends on their application by all parties. Desertification is a complex phenomenon since it combines several biophysical and socioeconomic factors which interact over time.<br \/>Experience shows that human intervention can have positive or negative effects on drought and desertification via agricultural production methods, urban planning and the use of natural resources. In order to counter desertification, all of these interdependent factors must be taken into consideration through a strategy founded on scientific tools and research programmes aimed at tackling the problems encountered on the ground.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-83912\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-83912\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. What type of maps on drought and desertification exist?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-83912\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-83912\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3906\" class=\"elementor elementor-3906\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d65dd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d65dd3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-31a116d\" data-id=\"31a116d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27b09d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27b09d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Knowledge of drought and desertification (impacts of climate change) has greatly increased over the last few years, as space-time synoptic images produced by various satellites since the 1990s have enabled specialists to draw up reports on the progression of drought and desertification, locating and delimiting the affected areas by producing a series of thematic maps. It is therefore essential to systematically collect data and make observations about natural resources and their uses so as to better understand the processes of soil impoverishment, drought and desertification and to evaluate their effects. These data are also necessary in order to quickly alert decision makers to the problem. This will help them to evaluate the benefits of local ecosystems in a realistic way and allow them to establish appropriate development and conservation policies. Creating risk awareness maps and updating them regularly can also increase investment in improved land planning and development and justify investments in sustainable means of subsistence.<\/p><p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-drought-and-desertification#faq446\">Go to 12.1 More information on remote sensing applied to drought and desertification mapping<\/a><\/p><p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-drought-and-desertification#faq454\">Go to 12.2 References<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f2e229 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"3f2e229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.1 More information on remote sensing applied to drought and desertification mapping<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6621\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3910\" class=\"elementor elementor-3910\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-060ae99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"060ae99\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-44baf84\" data-id=\"44baf84\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c298e5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c298e5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Remote sensing: a tool for monitoring.<\/p><p>Several researches were launched in this objective of monitoring, follow-up and cartography of drought, desertification and climatic changes impact in countries affected by these plagues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-045bd26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"045bd26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"547\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q12-figure-15.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3914\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q12-figure-15.jpg 547w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Q12-figure-15-300x278.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 547px) 100vw, 547px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure -15- Wind lane Map and the risk of silting in West region of Biskra CRSTRA (Algeria)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f34e90f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f34e90f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Example:<\/p><p>Research carried out in the Algerian steppe, the Tunisian South (Menzel Habib) in sub-Saharan countries (Niger) and on the desert fringe of the Nile clearly proved the feasibility of the follow-up of desertification by satellite. Time to confront resultants with the reality of the ground and necessity of the spacial imaging<\/p><p><strong>Reports:<\/strong><\/p><p>Indicators of the drought and desertification state (color and composition of soils, roughness, deposit rates of vegetation) and of its evolution, could be obtained since space by remote sensing. Maps can be elaborated from these indices whose crossings in a GIS give the state of environment to a T time.<\/p><p>Expander cards of mobile sands and the biomass degradation were established by remote sensing by image processing and of indices such as the vegetation index, color and brightness of surfaces recorded by images are calculated.<\/p><p>The remote sensing techniques, combined with a very good knowledge of soil, allow detecting the evolution of degradation of arid regions but also their restoration.<\/p><p>Considering these risks exceed the limits of countries even continents, programs such as the Cameleo program (). The IRD led, in collaboration with the Egeo unit of Institute of space applications of the Joint Research Center and with the support of the European Union, This research, which associates Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia, and is based on the Roselt network; aim at defining a complete method of follow-up of desertification in the south of the Mediterranean.<br \/>It is in particular a question of obtaining, on field and by satellite remote sensing, data usable for management of the arid environment and similar from a country to another. This in order to identify, at a local scale, zones where soils and vegetation are degraded, are stable or to be improved, and to understand relations between these changes and their use by the man.<\/p><p>In Algeria, map of sensibility in the desertification was elaborated in 1995 by the FGD and the ALSA. It is perpetually actualisable.Therefor,the Center of Scientific and Technical Reasearch on Arid Regions (CRSTRA),elaborated vulnerability maps on desertification and silting through ecological entities.<br \/>Besides, the OSS, the HAD and the partners of the Magreb (ALGERIA TUNISIA MOROCCO) work at the implementation of the early alarm system through the Life SMAS project, this alert focuses on the production and the distribution of indicators of vulnerability of naturalresources, compared to the climatic and anthropological press to which they are subjected. The elaboration of indicators has to use all the available approaches, climatic satellital embellish with images, in the compilations of the meteorological, dated, the biophysics and socioeconomic. The indicators of premature alert of the drought will feed also information flow systems of the national and sub-regional action plans to combat desertification, established in accordance with principles of the Convention of the United Nations to Combat Desertification.<\/p><p>To evaluate the progression of these insidious phenomena (drought, desertification and climate changes impacts), the remote sensing helps collecting data on vast surfaces with regular intervals. By comparing data images between dates, it is probable to find out the evolution of drought and desertification.<\/p><p>Maps can be established such as the albedo (R0), the vegetation index (NDVI) and the temperature of surface Ts recorded thanks satellite measurements of sensor MODIS of TERRA or VEGETATION of SPOT or by sensors AVHRR of NOAA these satellites which provide images to weak space resolution and allow carrying out a regular follow-up at very weak cost of natural resources.<\/p><p>These images have a broad observation field (about entire country) and a daily temporal resolution, very useful for a regular follow-up, mainly the vegetation.<\/p><p>Furthermore, to make a note of the use of images with average resolution such as Land sat, (30m of resolution space) Alsat (32m), SPOT (20m) and images with high resolution such as IKONOS (1m) Quicbird (1m).<\/p><p>For characterization and cartography of the hydric state, the soil quality and state of degradation of a surface. One of the key ideas is the combination of these parameters resulting by image processing two to two (R0 &#8211; Ts; NDVI &#8211; Ts and R0 &#8211; NDVI).<\/p><p>The quoted images may be provided by manufacturers of these satellites as they may be ordered by representatives of these structures in several countries. Each image includes its price (see site SPOTIMAGE). Concerning the factorial maps, grounds, of the ground occupation, drought, desertification; May be that they are public and setting on line on Internet as it is the case of several countries, are requested from the manufacturer.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-6622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-6622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.2 References<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-6622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-6622\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3920\" class=\"elementor elementor-3920\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d9a82a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d9a82a2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7223365\" data-id=\"7223365\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62029b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"62029b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ol><li>AIDOUD A.,2009, Trente ann\u00e9es d\u2019observations de la steppe (Alg\u00e9rie Atelier international sur les Risque Majeurs et les Catastrophes Naturelles, CRSTRA (15.H6\/17decembre 2010).<\/li><li>ANDIEU et al, 1997, \u00ab\u00a0In le Hou\u00e9rou .H.N 2002 \u00ab\u00a0Multipurpose germplasm of fodder shrubs and trees for the rehabilitation of arid and semi arid land in the Mediterranean isoclimatic zone\u00a0\u00bb A photographic catalogue\/Options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9enes\/Etudes et recherches N\u00b0 37\/CIHEAM.\u00a0<\/li><li>AUBREVILLE A.,1949 Climats, For\u00eats et d\u00e9sertification de l&rsquo;Afrique tropicale, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9ditions g\u00e9ographiques, maritimes et coloniales, Paris, 1949,(351 p).\u00a0<\/li><li>BEDRANI, BESSAOUD, 2006, in Nedjraoui Dalila et B\u00e9drani Slimane.La d\u00e9sertification dans les steppes Alg\u00e9riennes\u00a0: causes, impacts et actions de lutte. Vertigo .(volume 8 N\u00b0 1 Avril 2008).<\/li><li>DAUPHIN\u00c9 A.-2003 Risques et Catastrophes, Observer, Spatialiser Comprendre, G\u00e9rer\u00a0; ed\u00a0; ARMAND COLIN\u00a0; 288 p. \u00a0<\/li><li>DAVID E. ALEXANDER and Rhodes W Fairbridge, The Encyclopedia of Environmental Science (741 p).\u00a0<\/li><li>DIOMBERE, Kaoussou (2000), Mitigating the effects of drought in Guinea-Bissau\/Researcher, inforestry Economic and Policy, Generz.Direction of forests and Huntig (DGFC\/MAFC)Guinea-Bissav.97-102 .Combating Desertification ,Proceedings of the N\u2019Djemena CHAD. International Seminar, Novembre 2000.\u00a0<\/li><li>DORIZE L., 1990,La s\u00e9cheresse: en qu\u00eate d&rsquo;une d\u00e9finition&#8230; Revue S\u00e9cheresse (volume 1, N\u00b01 Mars 1990 )<\/li><li>DRAIN .M, 2006, \u00ab\u00a0 Entre logique d\u2019entreprise et logique citoyenne. A propos d\u2019un projet de transfert d\u2019eau. International\u00a0\u00bb. Les Conf\u00e9rences-Rencontres de Luminy 14 Mai 2006\u00a0<\/li><li>DUNGLAS j. 1993, Effet de serre et activit\u00e9s humaines (gaz \u00e0 effet de serre d\u2019origine anthropique).\u00a0<\/li><li>GOUDRIAAN .J, 1992, \u00abLe R\u00e9chauffement et la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation page 606 &#8211; 609 \u00bb l\u2019a revu N\u00b0 243-N\u00b0 Sp\u00e9cial- l\u2019Effet de serre.\u00a0<\/li><li>KARA M.2000, la menace climatique, \u00e9dition DAHLEB.<\/li><li>OPTIONS M\u00c9DITERRAN\u00c9ENNES, s\u00e9rie B\u00a0: Etudes et recherches Num\u00e9ro 37, \u00e9dition CIHEAM.\u00a0<\/li><li>LAKHDARI F. 2009, Desertification\u00a0; a threat for both sides of the Mediterranean\/ European and Mediterranean workshop, climate change impact on water \u2013related and marine risks 26-27 October 2009.Murcia, Spain.\u00a0<\/li><li>LAMBERT G .1992, Les gaz \u00e0 effet de serre, recherche N\u00b0 Sp\u00e9cial Mai p-550-556.\u00a0<\/li><li>LE HOUEROU, 1979, La d\u00e9sertification des r\u00e9gions arides, revue la Recherche N\u00b0 99 avril 1979, volume 10 (p336-344).\u00a0<\/li><li>LEF\u00c9VRE .C &amp; Schneider, 2003, Les risques naturels majeurs, collection g\u00e9osciences.<\/li><li>MARGAT J. 1990, L\u2019\u00c9conomie de l\u2019eau dans le Monde, ressources, besoins, probl\u00e8mes (p 277-289) in , le grand livre de l\u2019eau , \u00e9d. La manufacture et la cit\u00e9 des sciences et de l\u2019industrie.<\/li><li>MATARI A. 2007, Analyse de longues s\u00e9ries en vue du changement climatique \/Actes des journ\u00e9es internationales sur l\u2019impact des changements climatiques sur les r\u00e9gions arides et semi arides (p15-25) Biskra, Alg\u00e9rie 15 et 17 d\u00e9cembre.<\/li><li>RAMADE F. 2002, Dictionnaire Enc\u00e9clopedique de l\u2019Ecologie et des Sciences de l\u2019Environnement, (1076 p) .<\/li><li>SALAMANI M. et HIRCHE A.\u00a0; \u00ab\u00a0 L\u2019\u00e9tat de la d\u00e9sertification en Alg\u00e9rie. Actes des journ\u00e9es internationales sur la d\u00e9sertification et le d\u00e9veloppement durable, CRSTRA- Biskra, Alg\u00e9rie.2006\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li><li>SIRCOULON J, 1992 Impact sur les ressources en eau de quinze ann\u00e9es de s\u00e9cheresse au sahel ORSTOM. Ford documentaire 33.796 ex1 cote<\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Risques Naturels S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le CRSTRA &#8211; Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique sur les R\u00e9gions Arides &#8211; Biskra, Alg\u00e9rie &amp; the Editorial Board La s\u00e9cheresse est un risque majeur qui tire son origine d\u2019une insuffisance de pr\u00e9cipitations, dont les r\u00e9percussions sont de natures diverses\u00a0: climatiques (augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature, ensoleillement, vent, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8883,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Risques Naturels S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le CRSTRA &#8211; Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique sur les R\u00e9gions Arides &#8211; Biskra, Alg\u00e9rie &amp; the Editorial Board La s\u00e9cheresse est un risque majeur qui tire son origine d\u2019une insuffisance de pr\u00e9cipitations, dont les r\u00e9percussions sont de natures diverses\u00a0: climatiques (augmentation de la temp\u00e9rature, ensoleillement, vent, [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-11T13:13:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/drought-and-desertification-1024x320.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"162 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/\",\"name\":\"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification - BeSafeNet\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-04T09:41:54+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-11T13:13:52+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/el\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Risques\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/\",\"name\":\"BeSafeNet\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"BeSafeNet\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg\",\"width\":1,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"BeSafeNet\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification - BeSafeNet","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/drought-and-desertification\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification - BeSafeNet","og_description":"Risques Naturels S\u00e9cheresse et d\u00e9sertification Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le CRSTRA &#8211; 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