{"id":8844,"date":"2020-12-04T10:35:08","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T10:35:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/avalanche\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:16:09","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:16:09","slug":"avalanches","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/fr\/hazards\/avalanches\/","title":{"rendered":"Avalanche"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8844\" class=\"elementor elementor-8844 elementor-3925\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-565ce1b heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"565ce1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b9416e\" data-id=\"0b9416e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82f3332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"82f3332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Risques Naturels<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f72c318 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f72c318\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Avalanche<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4aac7bb\" data-id=\"4aac7bb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17bd13b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"17bd13b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9febfbc small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9febfbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le AFEM &#8211; European Natural Disasters Training Centre (Ankara, Turkey) &amp; the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cba8b59 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cba8b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d556b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1d556b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/avalanches-1024x320.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3931\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/avalanches-1024x320.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/avalanches-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/avalanches-768x240.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/avalanches-1536x480.jpg 1536w, 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36\"><path d=\"M 5.5 11 h 23 v 1 l -11 6 l -11 -6 v -1 m 0 2 l 11 6 l 11 -6 v 11 h -22 v -11\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"heateorSssClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66c9d68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66c9d68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Une avalanche est une coul\u00e9e de neige qui se d\u00e9tache et d\u00e9vale un versant de montagne sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une action m\u00e9canique naturelle ou d\u2019une activit\u00e9 humaine.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les terrains montagneux, les avalanches font partie des dangers objectifs les plus graves pour la vie humaine et les biens \u00e0 cause de leur pouvoir destructeur d\u00e9coulant de leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 d\u00e9placer rapidement une masse \u00e9norme de neige sur de grandes distances.<\/p>\n<p>Elles peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9clench\u00e9es soit par des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels ou par l&rsquo;activit\u00e9 humaine (d\u00e9forestation, sports d&rsquo;hiver, &#8230;)<\/p>\n<p>Les avalanches peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre class\u00e9s en fonction notamment de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sa cause: naturelle ou humaine<\/li>\n<li>La qualit\u00e9 de la neige: humide ou s\u00e8che<\/li>\n<li>Son glissement: sur une surface de la neige pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente ou avec la surface de la neige pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42ddedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"42ddedb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7011\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7011\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. What is an avalanche?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7011\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7011\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3951\" class=\"elementor elementor-3951\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-db3dc22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"db3dc22\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a881a66\" data-id=\"a881a66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2564016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2564016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a slope, from either natural triggers or human activity. In mountainous terrain avalanches are among the most serious objective hazards to life and property, with their destructive capability resulting from their potential to carry an enormous mass of snow rapidly over large distances.<\/p><p>All avalanches share common elements:<\/p><ul><li>a trigger which causes the sudden rupture of the snow pack,<\/li><li>a starting zone from which the initial volume of snow is detached,<\/li><li>a slide path along which the avalanche flows,<\/li><li>a run out zone where the avalanche comes to rest;<\/li><li>a debris deposit which is the accumulated mass of the snow avalanche once it has come to rest.<\/li><\/ul><p>Sometimes, the deposit may be a mixture of snow, ice, soil, rocks and vegetation debris.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a371a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a371a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"495\" height=\"497\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3956\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval1.jpg 495w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval1-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval1-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 &#8211; Artificially triggered snow avalanche in Davos, Switzerland. Source: www.uvm.edu<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7012\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7012\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. What types of avalanches are there?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7012\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7012\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3962\" class=\"elementor elementor-3962\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-abee547 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"abee547\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-174acae\" data-id=\"174acae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbe0035 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbe0035\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Avalanches are classified by their morphological characteristics, and are rated by either their\u00a0destructive potential, or the mass of the downward flowing snow.<br \/>Here we will present avalanches with their general properties:<\/p><ul><li>Slab Avalanches<\/li><li>Loose avalanches<\/li><li>Slush Avalanches<\/li><li>Dry avalanches and powder avalanches<\/li><\/ul><p><u>SLAB AVALANCHES<\/u>: have different names according to, moisture content of snow layers, slope\u00a0cover (rock, soil or tree), and fracture depth.<\/p><p><em>Dry Slab Avalanche<\/em>: in this type of avalanches, a low moisture, cohesive snow layer\u00a0(snow slab) has a thinner, weaker failure layer beneath it. Once the snow slab is cut out around\u00a0all boundaries by fractures, the slab snow avalanche occurs.\u00a0Densities of slab layers are between 100 and 300 kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>.<\/p><p><em>Wet Slab Snow Avalanche<\/em>: this type occurs by means of three principal mechanisms:\u00a01- loading by new precipitation (rain), 2- changes in strength of a buried weak layer due to water\u00a0percolation or 3- by water lubrication of a sliding surface, which may be partially or totally\u00a0impermeable to water.\u00a0Sometimes, failure affects the whole snow pack and the ground surface is uncovered after the avalanche\u00a0has occurred. This type of avalanche is called \u00ab\u00a0ground avalanche\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1261ff3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1261ff3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"316\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3967\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval2.jpg 400w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval2-300x237.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2 &#8211; Dry slab avalanche: the \u00ab\u00a0crown\u00a0\u00bb of the slab is the fracture cutting the snow pack on the left side of the picture. A small slab is still present just below the crown, while wider slabs are visible in front of the tree. Source: www.thekyrgyzstanplan.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc86488 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc86488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">LOOSE AVALANCHE<\/u><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">: loose snow has little or no cohesion. Loose snow avalanches form\u00a0near the surface and they involve near surface snow on initiation. Loose snow avalanches are easily\u00a0recognizable because they start from a point and the displaced mass of snow forms a triangular\u00a0pattern on descent. Natural loose snow avalanches are triggered by a local loss of cohesion due\u00a0to snow metamorphism or the effects of sun or rain. Often the initiation is near rock outcrops, which\u00a0cause locally high snow temperatures.<\/span><\/p><p><em>Dry loose avalanches<\/em>: they commonly form under cold, relatively windless conditions which\u00a0favour a low density superficial snow pack.<\/p><p><em>Wet loose avalanches<\/em>: they take place after heavy melting of the snow pack\u00a0caused by warming by the sun, rain or heat transfer from warmer surfaces.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27a9f06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"27a9f06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"665\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3972\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval3.jpg 600w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval3-271x300.jpg 271w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 3 &#8211; Wet loose snow avalanche, with its classic pear-shape, developing just below trees on a rock outcrop. The localized snow melting is probably occurring at dark surfaces, such as trees and rocks, favoring snow pack instability. The phenomenon is quite widespread in the area, as many other loose avalanches can be seen over the entire slope. Source: www.juneauempire.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed07547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ed07547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">SLUSH AVALANCHES<\/u><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">: in slush avalanches the flowing of snow is similar to\u00a0the flowing of mud with high water content.\u00a0Measured densities of saturated snow in slush snow avalanche deposits may exceed 1000 kg\/m<\/span><sup style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">\u00a0due to the mixture of water, ice, snow and entrained earth or rock material.\u00a0They are usually partially or totally saturated with water. The temperature of the snow is round 0 \u00b0C.\u00a0The highest frequency of occurrence at high latitudes is partially due to the rapid onset of snowmelt\u00a0in spring as the sun returns to provide direct, intense radiation input to snow packs that have\u00a0been previously subject to strong temperature gradients and a lack of solar radiation input.<\/span><\/p><p>Many examples of this avalanche type can be found in Northern Norway and Alaska.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-964ab04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"964ab04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"525\" height=\"396\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval4.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3977\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval4.jpg 525w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval4-300x226.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 4 -Slush avalanche resting below a gully, on an alluvial fan covered by snow. Of note are the many \u00ab\u00a0streams\u00a0\u00bb created by the snow flowing downslope, resembling a debris-flow-like deposit pattern. The high water content of the snow is responsible of this particular deposition pattern. Source: www.unis.no<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6ee353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6ee353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">DRY AVALANCHES AND POWDER AVALANCHES<\/u><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">: if moisture content is low, density is near 100 kg\/m<\/span><sup style=\"text-align: left;\">3<\/sup><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">\u00a0or less, snow temperatures are less than 0 \u00b0C and snow depth is more\u00a0than 1 m, those types of snow avalanches may occur. After the snow avalanche starts, a dust cloud\u00a0which contains snow and air forms.<\/span><\/p><p><em>Dry Avalanche<\/em>: in this type of snow avalanche there is a dense core of snow at the bottom of\u00a0the moving mass. It is estimated that about one-third of the space in the core is filled with snow\u00a0particles and about two-thirds is air. In the dust cloud that may develop above, only about 1% of\u00a0the space is filled with snow particles and 99% is air. Therefore the density is about a factor of 10\u00a0higher in the core than in the dust cloud. Usually the depth of flow of the core is less than 5 m, but\u00a0the depth of dust cloud can be tens of meters. Deceleration is rapid in run out zone.<\/p><p><em>Powder Avalanche<\/em>: are those in which a dense core of snow at the\u00a0bottom is absent. Any high-speed dry snow avalanche will have a powder or dust cloud associated\u00a0with it and tends to make powder avalanches and dry flowing avalanches look similar.\u00a0To distinguish between powder and dry snow avalanches, one must make an observation of the\u00a0deposit, of the destructive effects, or of flowing snow properties to determine the presence of a core.\u00a0In a true powder avalanche, almost all of the material is suspended by turbulent eddies.\u00a0They often form by falling ice (or sometimes by ice avalanches) from steep icefalls. Their speed\u00a0may sometimes be more than that of dry avalanches, but since their density is much less, their\u00a0destructive power is less.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7013\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7013\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Why do avalanches occur?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7013\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7013\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3983\" class=\"elementor elementor-3983\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9884ef2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9884ef2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7250b3f\" data-id=\"7250b3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d827710 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d827710\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Avalanches only occur when the stress on the snow exceeds the shear, ductile, and tensile strength either within the snow pack or at the contact of the base of the snow pack with the ground or rock surface. A number of the forces acting on a snow pack can be readily determined; for example, the weight of the snow is straightforward to calculate, however it is very difficult to know the shear, ductile, and tensile strength within the snow pack or the ground. These strengths vary with the type of snow crystal and the bonding between them. The thermo-mechanical properties of the snow crystals in turn depend on the local conditions they have experienced such as temperature and humidity.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28bcb04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"28bcb04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval5-768x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3988\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval5-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval5-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval5-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval5.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 5 &#8211; The so called \u00ab\u00a0rutsch block test\u00a0\u00bb, used to verify on site the degree of stability of the snow pack. Once a snow block has been created, a skier jumps on it: the more jumps needed to make the block slide, the more stable is the snow pack. Source: www.swissmountainleader.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1294a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1294a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/3_why-768x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-3993\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/3_why-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/3_why-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/3_why-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/3_why.jpg 1169w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 6 &#8211; The analysis of the snow pack stratigraphy is a fundamental step in detecting its possible instability. Weak layers within the snow pack can be detected, which may favour future avalanche occurrence. Photo: A. Ghinoi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7014\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7014\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. Where do avalanches occur?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7014\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7014\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3999\" class=\"elementor elementor-3999\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bda54ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bda54ea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fcb8138\" data-id=\"fcb8138\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ade7d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ade7d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>An avalanche typically occurs in mountainous terrain. Slopes flatter than 28 degrees or steeper than 55 degrees typically have a lower incidence of avalanche occurrence; likewise slopes with windward and sunny exposure have a lower incidence of avalanche hazard.<\/p><p>Generally, causes of avalanche formation can be found within 7 sets of factors (EVALUATION of all these factors is always required in snow avalanche prediction):<\/p><ul><li>Slope inclination<\/li><li>Snowpack conditions<\/li><li>Wind action<\/li><li>Slope direction<\/li><li>Temperature<\/li><li>Weak snow layers<\/li><li>Ground surface conditions<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b54eb66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b54eb66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"422\" height=\"426\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/4_0.bmp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4004\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7015\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7015\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. What could be the consequences of avalanches?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7015\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7015\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4010\" class=\"elementor elementor-4010\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5fcc211 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5fcc211\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-168fabe\" data-id=\"168fabe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff40303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff40303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Avalanche is a nivo-meteorological incident. If all factors (meteorologic, topographic, snow cover\u2026etc) are in place, the avalanche occurs. Depending on climatic condition, return period varies from few times per year to once in a few centuries.<\/p><p>Avalanches, according to their intensity (or magnitude), can cause more or less heavy damage to structures and infrastructures, ultimately leading to their complete destruction. Therefore, wherever vulnerable elements are exposed to the avalanche threat, it becomes essential that territorial planning carefully evaluates the actual hazard level, in case organizing protection measures against future events. Moreover, avalanches can directly affect people, injuring or even killing them. More and more frequently, the media report of avalanches injuring or killing people responsible for their triggering; this happens very often in backcountry skiing, whenever skiers trigger the rupture of the snow pack, already naturally instable<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90df112 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"90df112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval7.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4015\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval7.jpg 640w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval7-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 7: Avalanche accident: a skier has been caught by an avalanche, but luckily his companions could free him from the heavily compacted snow that buried him. Source: www.pistehors.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd07b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abd07b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval8.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4020\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval8.jpg 640w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval8-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 8 &#8211; The avalanche disaster of Galtuer, Austria, occurred on the 20th January 1999, caused by severe snow storms that heavily increased the snow load on the slopes, favoring widespread snow pack instability. Source: www.wz-newsline.de<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7016\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7016\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. Can the causes of avalanches be influenced by human behaviour?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7016\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7016\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4026\" class=\"elementor elementor-4026\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a8350f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a8350f0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486a4f8\" data-id=\"486a4f8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33f5a43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33f5a43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Avalanches are always caused by an external stress on the snow pack, They are not random or spontaneous events. Natural triggers of avalanches include additional precipitation, radiative and convective heating, rock fall, ice fall, and other sudden impacts; however, even a snow pack held at a constant temperature, pressure, and humidity will evolve over time and develop stresses, often from the downslope creep of the snow pack. Human triggers of avalanches include skiers, snowmobiles, and controlled explosive work. The triggering stress load can be either localized to the failure point, or remote.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f4120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"89f4120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval9.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4031\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval9.jpg 800w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval9-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval9-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 9 &#8211; Skier triggered slab avalanche. Source: www.jhunderground.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7017\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7017\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. Can the consequences of avalanches be influenced by human behaviour?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7017\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7017\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4037\" class=\"elementor elementor-4037\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-18670cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"18670cc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-420bb66\" data-id=\"420bb66\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0917506 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0917506\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>When the human factor enters into the avalanche incident, this natural event turns into a disaster. According to records, most of the avalanche accidents are caused by human factors not only as a load, but because of ignorance or carelessness.<\/p><p>Since the majority of human-triggered snow avalanches (as it has been said beforehand) occurs after the passage of skiers on already unstable snow packs, the first prevention measure to be undertaken, so as to strongly reduce the negative effects (in this case on human health) is with no doubt a correct behaviour of skiers, above all off the ski runs. That correct behaviour implies consulting avalanche bulletins before going backcountry skiing, the knowledge of the snow pack conditions and of the safest tracks to follow and, not least, a proper equipment comprising: active sensors in case of avalanche burial (such as Arvas etc.) and other devices for personal protection or rescue in case of avalanche danger, such as helmets, inflating jackets to \u201cswim on the avalanche\u201d, small portable oxygen tanks, portable shovels, foldable probes for searching buried people etc.).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-029ac4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"029ac4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval10-768x614.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-image-4039\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval10-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval10-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval10.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 10 : Avalanche hazard signs advising back country skiers of the current avalanche danger level. Source: www.straight.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7018\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7018\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Can avalanches be predicted?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7018\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7018\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4046\" class=\"elementor elementor-4046\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a28d73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3a28d73\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c22776\" data-id=\"3c22776\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9fef678 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9fef678\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Snow observations (include stability analysis) are the most important part of avalanche forecasting. First purpose of snow observations is tracing of physical and nivological properties of snow cover to reach the critical levels. All types of snow stability methods are made in open areas (see figures 5 and 6 from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-avalanches#faq228\">question 3<\/a>).<\/p><p>Mainly conventional meteorological observations and several in-situ observations are used to predict the possibility of avalanches by a network of professional snow pack observers, which have to be constantly trained.<br \/>All snow and weather data gathered within a certain area is analysed at special data-processing centres (such as avalanche centres, hydro-meteorological centres etc.) that are responsible for writing public avalanche bulletins; those bulletins identify, through a standardized danger scale, zones with different avalanche hazard (or risk, according to the adopted terminology). The bulletins are then publicized through all possible means (such as internet, mobile phones, radio, TV, leaflets etc.) so that the majority of people interested may read them before going out.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-675bb9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"675bb9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"623\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4051\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval11.jpg 400w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval11-193x300.jpg 193w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 11 : One of many types of avalanche bulletin, extremely valuable for a correct information on the current snow avalanche danger. It should be consulted before choosing the skiing destination and to select the right slopes to cross. Source:\u00a0www.pc.gc.ca<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7019\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7019\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Is there any way to prevent avalanche?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7019\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7019\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4057\" class=\"elementor elementor-4057\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b11aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b11aee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e7e8c9\" data-id=\"0e7e8c9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aa38c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7aa38c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The answer to this question is \u00ab\u00a0Yes\u00a0\u00bb despite that prevention is sometimes difficult and very expensive. There are a lot of techniques for reducing the effects of snow avalanches. According to application sites, types of avalanches, sizes of effecting area, long-term or short-term results and their costs, these techniques can be classified into two groups:<\/p><p><strong>A) Permanent Prevention Techniques<\/strong><\/p><p><u>A.1) Active Permanent Prevention Techniques (Applied in Starting Zone)<\/u><br \/>Earth Terrace, Reforestation, Pilings, Tripods, Snow Bridges, Snow Nets, Snow (Wind) Fences, Wind, Panels, Wind Baffle, others<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29a78a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"29a78a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval12.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4062\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval12.jpg 500w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval12-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 12 &#8211; Avalanche protection fences on a mountain slope. It is one of the many active actions against snow avalanche initiation in their potential starting zones. Source: www.flickriver.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f2b7a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f2b7a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">A.2) Passive Permanent Prevention Techniques (Applied in Run-out and Stopping Zones)<\/u><\/p><p>Deflecting Wall, Arresting Walls, Avalanche Dams, Splitter, Retarding Mound and Arresting Dike, Avalanche Tunnels, Road Warning Sign and Closure Systems, Building Reinforcement Techniques, Reinforcement Techniques For Substructures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-490eba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"490eba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"444\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval13.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4067\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval13.jpg 700w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval13-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 13 &#8211; Diversion dams used to channelize the snow avalanche to locations where they cannot cause any damage. Picture: Dams Reckingen, SLF 1984. Source: www.planat.ch<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d47922 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1d47922\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">B) Temporary Prevention Techniques<\/strong><\/p><p><u>B.1) Active Temporary Prevention Techniques<\/u><\/p><p>Catex (cable Transporter Explosives), Gaz-Ex (Gaseous Explosives), Hand Charges, Avalhex&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8704961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8704961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval14.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4072\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval14.jpg 500w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval14-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 14: Gaz-ex: fixed high-pressure gas outlet uphill an avalanche-prone area. Whenever a snow pack is unstable, artificially controlled avalanches are triggered by this device in order to prevent disastrous events. Source: www.toraval.fr<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f690eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f690eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">B.2) Passive Temporary Prevention Techniques<\/u><\/p><p>Snow and Avalanche Observations, Mapping, Evacuation of Avalanche Risk Areas and Forbidden Entrance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-70110\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-70110\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Is there any way to mitigate avalanches consequences?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-70110\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-70110\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4078\" class=\"elementor elementor-4078\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1abd745 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1abd745\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc4f404\" data-id=\"fc4f404\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffae701 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ffae701\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>To mitigate avalanche consequences, increasing awareness of public and administrators by avalanche trainings, being conscious and careful in avalanche prone areas are needed besides avalanche measures.<\/p><p>There are also passive measures that are used to secure structures and infrastructures from the possible avalanche impact. Among those we can mention the following: tunnels to protect roads and railways, deviation wedges uphill of buildings, transversal barriers or walls with respect to the avalanche path etc. Anyhow, the best mitigation possible is a proper territorial planning, presuming a good knowledge of the avalanche hazard of the area and a hazard zonation that is done also using numerical models simulating snow avalanche dynamics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ca212d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ca212d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"772\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval15b-1024x772.gif\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4083\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval15b-1024x772.gif 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval15b-300x226.gif 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval15b-768x579.gif 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 15 &#8211; RAMMS &#8211; a two-dimensional model (whose output is depicted here on a 3D alpine terrain). The software, developed at the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF of Davos, Switzerland, can compute the evolution of avalanche flow height along the snow avalanche path. Source: www.slf.ch<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-70111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-70111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. What should be done in case of avalanches?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-70111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-70111\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4089\" class=\"elementor elementor-4089\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7724722 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7724722\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b78726\" data-id=\"8b78726\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dfff75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0dfff75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>If you cross potential avalanche areas and do not get sufficient avalanche education or if you are careless, you can be caught by an avalanche immediately ! Believe ! You do not want to be in that situation.<\/p><p>Powerful avalanches have the capability to entrain ice, rocks, trees, and other material on the slope. In mountainous terrain avalanches are among the most serious objective hazards to life and property, with their destructive capability resulting from their potential to carry an enormous mass of snow rapidly over large distances.<\/p><p>Even small avalanches are a serious danger to life, even with properly trained and equipped companions who avoid the avalanche. Victims caught in an avalanche are advised to try to ski or board toward the side of the avalanche until they fall, then to jettison their equipment and attempt swimming motions.<\/p><p>When you are caught by an avalanche, panic starts and you loose your direction. Materials entrained by the avalanche may hit you. Breathing becomes more difficult. You can feel the compression of snow around your body during the deceleration of the avalanche, but moving in the snow mass is getting harder and harder. Breathing is difficult because of the snow entering your mouth and nose. Your body starts to lose heat. As the snow comes to rest, an attempt should be made to preserve an air-space in front of the mouth and try to thrust an arm, leg or object above the surface, assuming you are still conscious. If it is possible to move once the snow stops, enlarge the air space, but minimize your movements to reduce your oxygen consumption. After a time, oxygen deficiency and hypothermia start to increase their effects. It is vital that everyone surviving an avalanche is used in an immediate search and rescue operation, rather than waiting for help to arrive. Additional help can be called once it can be determined if anyone is seriously injured or still remains unaccountable after the immediate search (i.e., after at least 30 minutes of searching).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e08ec9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2e08ec9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval16.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4094\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval16.jpg 800w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval16-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval16-768x510.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 16 &#8211; Training on what to do in case of avalanche is of paramount importance for back country skiers. Basically, the training consists in getting acquainted with rescue procedures, involving also the use of beepers (the two small cell-phone-like objects in the centre of the picture) which help to spot a body buried by an avalanche. Source: www.tamara-why.blogspot.com<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-70112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-70112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. What type of maps on avalanches exist?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-70112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-70112\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4100\" class=\"elementor elementor-4100\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36d2290 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"36d2290\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-79e7a68\" data-id=\"79e7a68\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f0aa9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f0aa9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Avalanches are not easily predictable and often enough can produce destructive results. Avalanche cartography deals with the causes and consequences of such incidents and tries to depict them in a variety of ways.<\/p><p>Avalanche hazard maps incorporate mainly large-scale topographic elements with thematic features. In such maps, both direct and indirect aspects of avalanches are considered according to aerial photo interpretation and field surveys.<\/p><p>Avalanches become a \u201crisk\u201d when people or physical assets are situated within the reach of the \u201cdangeros process\u201d. Avalanche risk maps show the vulnerability of all values in avalanche hazard areas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0eae52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c0eae52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"299\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-1024x299.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4105\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-1024x299.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-300x88.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-768x224.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-1536x449.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/aval17-2048x599.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 17 &#8211; Map of Snow Avalanche Probable Locations, from the original French \u00ab\u00a0Carte de Localisation des Ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes d&rsquo;Avalanche (CLPA)\u00a0\u00bb. The map shows areas identifying possible location of snow avalanche paths: in orange, avalanche paths are identified after the study of aerial photographs (photo-interpretation and field analysis); in purple, avalanche paths are identified after an investigation undertaken by collecting testimonies; orange and purple diagonal lines represent, respectively, area assessed as potential avalanche source areas by aerial photo and field interpretation and by inquiries. Source: www.avalanches.fr<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Risques Naturels Avalanche Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le AFEM &#8211; European Natural Disasters Training Centre (Ankara, Turkey) &amp; the Editorial Board Une avalanche est une coul\u00e9e de neige qui se d\u00e9tache et d\u00e9vale un versant de montagne sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une action m\u00e9canique naturelle ou d\u2019une activit\u00e9 humaine. Dans les terrains montagneux, les avalanches font partie des dangers [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8883,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Avalanche - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/avalanches\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Avalanche - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Risques Naturels Avalanche Pr\u00e9par\u00e9 par le AFEM &#8211; European Natural Disasters Training Centre (Ankara, Turkey) &amp; the Editorial Board Une avalanche est une coul\u00e9e de neige qui se d\u00e9tache et d\u00e9vale un versant de montagne sous l\u2019effet d\u2019une action m\u00e9canique naturelle ou d\u2019une activit\u00e9 humaine. 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