{"id":8810,"date":"2020-12-04T08:55:59","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T08:55:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/uragani-e-sovralzo-di-tempesta\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:11:22","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:11:22","slug":"hurricanes-and-storm-surges","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/hazards\/hurricanes-and-storm-surges\/","title":{"rendered":"Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8810\" class=\"elementor elementor-8810 elementor-3583\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b74f88 heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b74f88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c4e79f7\" data-id=\"c4e79f7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0164d1d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0164d1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-495449d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"495449d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cdb5422\" data-id=\"cdb5422\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6021392 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"6021392\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-845b8eb small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"845b8eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Preparato da ICoD &#8211; Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) &amp; the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea428f7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ea428f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Un uragano \u00e8 un sistema di temporali con forti venti che circolano attorno ad un\u2019area di bassa pressione chiamata \u201docchio\u201d. La pressione dell\u2019aria fluisce dalla zona ad alta pressione verso quella a bassa pressione, seppure non in linea retta poich\u00e9 la superficie terrestre ruota a diverse velocit\u00e0 (pi\u00f9 veloce all\u2019equatore e pi\u00f9 lenta vicino ai poli); infatti, si sviluppa una spirale diretta verso l\u2019interno, dando luogo alla tipica tempesta a forma ciclonica associata ad un uragano.<\/p>\n<p>Un sovralzo di tempesta si verifica quando il livello dell\u2019acqua marina si eleva oltre il limite delle maree astronomiche ed \u00e8 provocato dal passaggio di una tempesta.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019effetto \u00e8 il risultato di un\u2019azione combinata dei seguenti fenomeni: riduzione di pressione atmosferica, che causa un innalzamento dell&#8217;acqua marina di circa 1 cm per ogni millibar di caduta di pressione (effetto dell&#8217;inversione barometrica); forza del vento, che spinge l&#8217;acqua verso la costa; energia di trascinamento del vento sulla superficie marina, misurata come una forza orizzontale per unit\u00e0 areale. Quest\u2019ultima \u00e8 funzione della velocit\u00e0 del vento e della densit\u00e0 dell\u2019aria.<\/p>\n<p>Forza e direzione del vento giocano un ruolo predominante nel condizionare l\u2019innalzamento del livello del mare, giacch\u00e9 l\u2019azione del vento in posizione prossima alla costa determina un maggiore innalzamento del livello del mare rispetto ad una posizione off-shore. Inoltre, gli effetti legati all\u2019azione del vento aumentano inversamente rispetto alla profondit\u00e0 dello spessore d\u2019acqua, sicch\u00e9 aree caratterizzate da mare basso, come il Bangladesh, possono essere colpite da sovralzi di tempesta di magnitudo relativamente superiore. I sovralzi di tempesta costituiscono la causa principale dell\u2019erosione costiera e la principale causa di morti a seguito dell\u2019alluvionamento del retro-spiaggia. I sovralzi di tempesta sono condizionati da diverse variabili, tra cui i venti, la forma delle coste, la profondit\u00e0 del fondale in prossimit\u00e0 della costa, la dimensione e la struttura della tempesta.<\/p>\n<p>Ogni nazione percepisce l\u2019estrema necessit\u00e0 di stimare tali variabili, in particolare laddove sono presenti coste particolarmente vulnerabili a tale fenomeno naturale.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01b6f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"01b6f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. Cos\u2019\u00e8 un sovralzo di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1791\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1791\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8326\" class=\"elementor elementor-8326 elementor-3605\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0b45a97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0b45a97\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d1a6efb\" data-id=\"d1a6efb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db663ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db663ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Un sovralzo di tempesta si verifica quando il livello dell\u2019acqua marina si eleva oltre il limite delle maree astronomiche ed \u00e8 provocato dal passaggio di una tempesta.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019effetto \u00e8 il risultato di un\u2019azione combinata dei seguenti fenomeni: riduzione di pressione atmosferica, che causa un innalzamento dell&#8217;acqua marina di circa 1 cm per ogni millibar di caduta di pressione (effetto dell&#8217;inversione barometrica); forza del vento, che spinge l&#8217;acqua verso la costa; energia di trascinamento del vento sulla superficie marina, misurata come una forza orizzontale per unit\u00e0 areale. Quest\u2019ultima \u00e8 funzione della velocit\u00e0 del vento e della densit\u00e0 dell\u2019aria.<\/p>\n<p>Forza e direzione del vento giocano un ruolo predominante nel condizionare l\u2019innalzamento del livello del mare, giacch\u00e9 l\u2019azione del vento in posizione prossima alla costa determina un maggiore innalzamento del livello del mare rispetto ad una posizione off-shore. Inoltre, gli effetti legati all\u2019azione del vento aumentano inversamente rispetto alla profondit\u00e0 dello spessore d\u2019acqua, sicch\u00e9 aree caratterizzate da mare basso, come il Bangladesh, possono essere colpite da sovralzi di tempesta di magnitudo relativamente superiore. I sovralzi di tempesta costituiscono la causa principale dell\u2019erosione costiera e la principale causa di morti a seguito dell\u2019alluvionamento del retro-spiaggia. I sovralzi di tempesta sono condizionati da diverse variabili, tra cui i venti, la forma delle coste, la profondit\u00e0 del fondale in prossimit\u00e0 della costa, la dimensione e la struttura della tempesta. Ogni nazione percepisce l\u2019estrema necessit\u00e0 di stimare tali variabili, in particolare laddove sono presenti coste particolarmente vulnerabili a tale fenomeno naturale.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dimensione e struttura delle tempeste<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Quando le tempeste tropicali, con venti che circolano intorno ad un \u201cocchio\u201d di bassa pressione a velocit\u00e0 superiori a 120 km\/ora, si approssimano alla costa, spesso causano inondazioni da sovralzo di tempesta. A tali tempeste si attribuiscono differenti nomi a seconda di dove esse hanno luogo. Cos\u00ec, un forte\u00a0<strong>Ciclone Tropicale<\/strong>\u00a0(il termine generico per definire un sistema di bassa pressione, non frontale a scala sinottica, al di sopra di acque tropicali o sub-tropicali, con attivit\u00e0 temporalesca e circolazione ciclonica dei venti superficiali)** pu\u00f2 essere chiamato anche\u00a0<strong>Uragano<\/strong>\u00a0o\u00a0<strong>Tifone<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>(** Holland, G.J. (1993): &#8220;Ready Reckoner&#8221; &#8211; Chapter 9, Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting, WMO\/TC-No. 560, Report No. TCP-31, World Meteorological Organization; Geneva, Switzerland<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u201cCiclone tropicale\u201d (Oceano Indiano sud-occidentale).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cForte ciclone tropicale\u201d (Oceano Pacifico sud-occidentale, ad ovest del 160\u00b0E, od Oceano Indiano sud-orientale, ad est del 90\u00b0E).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cUragano\u201d (Oceano Atlantico settentrionale, ad est della linea del cambio di data, od Oceano Pacifico meridionale, ad est del 160\u00b0E).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cTifone\u201d (Oceano Pacifico nord-occidentale, ad ovest della linea del cambio di data).<\/li>\n<li>\u201cForte tempesta ciclonica\u201d (Oceano Indiano settentrionale).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>(Fonte:\u00a0<em>Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) \/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) &#8211;\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aoml.noaa.gov\/hrd\/tcfaq\/A1.html\">http:\/\/www.aoml.noaa.gov\/hrd\/tcfaq\/A1.html<\/a><\/em>)<\/p>\n<p>La grande differenza di pressione tra il limite esterno e l\u2019 \u201cocchio\u201d della tempesta, esistente in questi sistemi di bassa pressione, genera forti venti che circolano a spirale, diretti verso il centro della tempesta. Nell\u2019emisfero settentrionale, i venti che circolano intorno ad un uragano si muovono in senso anti-orario; per contro, il senso di movimento dei venti in un uragano dell\u2019emisfero meridionale \u00e8 orario. Questo a causa dell\u2019effetto di Coriolis (conseguenza della rotazione della Terra).<\/p>\n<p>Al centro di un uragano si trova un\u2019area con cielo calmo e sereno (variabile tra 5 e 50 km in diametro, a seconda della dimensione dell\u2019uragano). L\u2019occhio della tempesta \u00e8 circondato da una barriera che ospita i venti pi\u00f9 forti, a sua volta delimitata da forti venti che si muovono a spirale e pioggia torrenziale. Verso il limite esterno dell\u2019uragano la velocit\u00e0 dei venti si abbassa.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-681b492 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"681b492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.1 Tropical cyclones<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1091\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3607\" class=\"elementor elementor-3607\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2634e51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2634e51\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e565aec\" data-id=\"e565aec\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de7a7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1de7a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>When the atmospheric pressure in an offshore area is lower than its surroundings it produces an area under the influence of a low pressure weather system.<\/p><p>The low pressure cells + strong winds + atmospheric lift result in cyclonic storms.<\/p><p>Tropical or \u2018equatorial cyclones\u2019 are so named due to their origin being largely in the Tropics.<\/p><p>Formation is characteristically in moist (maritime) and warm (tropical) air masses. The process of rising moist (maritime) air produces heat that gives rise to condensation of the water vapour in the moist air. This in turn generates tropical cyclones. Such storms are characterized by thunderstorms that produce strong winds and flooding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.2 Hurricane spin<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1092\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3611\" class=\"elementor elementor-3611\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6125dc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6125dc8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7aca97\" data-id=\"e7aca97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e90873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e90873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>(<em>source: http:\/\/www.weatherquesting.com\/hurricane-spin.htm<\/em>)<\/p><p>A hurricane is a system of violent thunderstorms with high winds circulating about a central low-pressure area, called the eye. Air pressure flows from higher pressure towards lower pressure, although not\u00a0in a straight line because the Earth&#8217;s surface spins at different speeds (faster at the equator, slower near the poles); instead, it spirals inwards (see Figure 1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d29b206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d29b206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"401\" height=\"301\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3614\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA.jpg 401w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/hurricane-spin-NOAA-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 401px) 100vw, 401px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Counter-clockwise spin of a Hurricane (source: NOAA, USA).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c41c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c41c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">In the Northern Hemisphere for example, higher-pressure areas from the north, west, east and south will move towards a low pressure centre (L in the above diagram).<\/span><\/p><p>The air to the north moves eastward slower than the low-pressure area while the air to the south moves faster than L. The different speeds cause the air to circulate counter-clockwise about the low.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1093\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1.3 Tornadoes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1093\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1093\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3620\" class=\"elementor elementor-3620\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d43cb68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d43cb68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc7be62\" data-id=\"dc7be62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e416250 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e416250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Tropical cyclones are also associated with the generation of Tornadoes which are powerful, rotating funnels of air.<\/p><p>Tornadoes are linked:<\/p><ul><li>at their top, to clouds involved in thunderstorms and other intense weather (typically tall, dense clouds that are the result of atmospheric instability).<\/li><li>at their base with the earth\u2019s surface where they are often encircled by debris.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. Quali tipi di sovralzi di tempesta esistono?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1792\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1792\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8328\" class=\"elementor elementor-8328 elementor-3626\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ae6654e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ae6654e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c74b968\" data-id=\"c74b968\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da8a40c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"da8a40c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Non esistono specifiche tipologie di sovralzi di tempesta, ma possono essere classificati in base al loro potere di allagamento che \u00e8 direttamente correlato all\u2019intensit\u00e0 dell\u2019uragano che ha generato il sovralzo di tempesta.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019intensit\u00e0 degli uragani \u00e8 classificata dalla scala di Saffir-Simpson (da 1, bassa, a 5, alta), ora rinominata Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906f8a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"906f8a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"578\" height=\"523\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3631\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale.jpg 578w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saffir-Simpson-Hrricane-Intensity-Scale-300x271.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 578px) 100vw, 578px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Quali sono le cause dei sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1793\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1793\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8330\" class=\"elementor elementor-8330 elementor-3637\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-13b5a8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"13b5a8e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e67269\" data-id=\"4e67269\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f1da24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f1da24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Due distinte cause meteorologiche contribuiscono alla formazione dei maggiori sovralzi di tempesta, in grado di causare erosione, alluvioni e annegamenti.<\/p>\n<p>Sono i cicloni tropicali ed extra-tropicali. Entrambi sono pericolosit\u00e0 naturali che si generano in modo rapido e che possono durare giorni.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>I cicloni tropicali sono ampi sistemi di bassa pressione (da meno di 100 a diverse centinaia di km in diametro) che acquistano intensit\u00e0 tra la latitudine di 5\u00b0 e la latitudine di 25\u00b0. La temperatura della superficie del mare deve essere alta (&gt; 26\u00b0C), cos\u00ec come l\u2019umidit\u00e0 relativa e l\u2019evaporazione; la componente verticale del vento deve essere debole e deve esservi instabilit\u00e0 atmosferica (Henderson-Sellers and Lewis, 1998; Landsea et al, 1999)). Al suo centro vi \u00e8 \u201cl\u2019occhio\u201d, un\u2019area di cielo calmo e sereno, circondata da un muro che ospita i venti e le piogge pi\u00f9 forti, con movimento rotazionale anti-orario nell\u2019emisfero nord ed orario nell\u2019emisfero sud. I cicloni tropicali sono piccoli, ma potenti.<\/li>\n<li>I cicloni extra-tropicali determinano la gran parte delle alluvioni e dei fenomeni di erosione nelle spiagge delle medie latitudini. Le velocit\u00e0 dei venti e l\u2019altezza dei sovralzi sono molto pi\u00f9 basse rispetto ai cicloni tropicali, ma hanno una estensione molto superiore (ovvero maggiore di 1000 km) e si estendono regolarmente per diversi cicli tidali. Le tempeste degli USA sono state classificate anch\u2019esse in 5 categorie sulla base dell\u2019altezza significativa delle onde (H1\/3 = media di 1\/3 delle onde pi\u00f9 alte), della durata (D) e della potenza (P) dove P=H21\/3.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cbe9c17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"cbe9c17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.1 Factors influencing storm surge severity<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2131\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2131\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3642\" class=\"elementor elementor-3642\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f50cda0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f50cda0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fe8b78c\" data-id=\"fe8b78c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4ab175 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e4ab175\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Once a tropical cyclone hits the coast, the severity of storm surge impact is influenced by a number of aspects:<\/p><ul><li>offshore sea depth.<\/li><li>coastline configuration.<\/li><li>cyclone orientation as it lands.<\/li><li>wind characteristics (speed, intensity).<\/li><li>cyclone radius.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.2  Factors that intensify storm surges<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2132\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2132\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3646\" class=\"elementor elementor-3646\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5ed4007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5ed4007\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7bbf16\" data-id=\"c7bbf16\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a072f0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a072f0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><u>Storm surges are pronounced<\/u>:<\/p><ul><li>over shallow water bodies<\/li><li>persistent strong winds<\/li><li>persistent low atmospheric pressure.<\/li><\/ul><p>Resulting in coastal flooding that may impact many kilometers inland.<br \/><br \/><u>Storm surges are particularly pronounced:<\/u><\/p><ul><li>in areas having a large tidal range<\/li><li>when occurring at high tide<\/li><\/ul><p>Under such circumstances, the resulting surge is called a\u00a0<em><strong>storm tide\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>that<em><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>includes the accumulative sea level elevation arising from the:<\/p><ul><li>storm<\/li><li>tide<\/li><li>wave run-up<\/li><li>freshwater flooding.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1794\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1794\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. Dove avvengono i sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1794\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1794\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8332\" class=\"elementor elementor-8332 elementor-3650\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03fcebb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"03fcebb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7aacf18\" data-id=\"7aacf18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fad3021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fad3021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Laddove siano presenti sistemi di bassa pressione (da meno di 100 a pi\u00f9 di 1000 km) e la loro intensit\u00e0 sia amplificata dal passaggio sopra acque calde dell\u2019oceano tra i 5\u00b0 e i 25\u00b0 di latitudine.<\/p>\n<p>Quando i venti soffiano sulla costa ed in aree costiere, specialmente quelle caratterizzate da piattaforme ampie e basse, a forma di imbuto, come ad esempio la baia di Bohai, in Cina, il Golfo del Bangladesh e la Frisia tedesca, si possono generare grandi e potenti sovralzi di tempesta. Possono essere amplificati in coincidenza di maree astronomiche pi\u00f9 alte della media \u2013 in occasione di luna nuova o piena (maree primaverili) e in corrispondenza dei solstizi e degli equinozi (Wood, 1986). Queste sono a loro volta rafforzate in coincidenza del perigeo (la distanza minima tra terra e luna) o del perielio (la distanza minima tra terra e sole). Le maree delle alte latitudini sono ulteriormente amplificate durante il ciclo nodale lunare di 18,6 anni, quando l\u2019angolo tra il piano orbitale della luna e l\u2019ellittica \u00e8 minimo.<\/p>\n<p>Al di fuori dei tropici, le tempeste delle medie latitudini ed i loro fronti freddi rappresentano la causa principale dei sovralzi di tempesta.<\/p>\n<p>Le\u00a0<strong>regioni costiere<\/strong>\u00a0sono particolarmente sensibili ai cicloni tropicali, giacch\u00e9 questi sono generati in corrispondenza di acque oceaniche calde. Gran parte dell\u2019energia del ciclone verr\u00e0 dissipata sulla costa, dando vita a venti sempre pi\u00f9 deboli verso l\u2019entroterra. In ogni caso, rimane la potenziale minaccia di forti temporali, causa di gravi allagamenti nell\u2019entroterra.<\/p>\n<p>In base agli standard di riferimento attuali, circa il 19,5% (391.812 km<sup>2<\/sup>) della somma dei territori costieri di 84 nazioni \u00e8 vulnerabile ad inondazioni legate a sovralzi di tempesta con frequenza secolare. Un eventuale aumento del 10%, conseguente al previsto innalzamento del livello del mare, pu\u00f2 ampliare la superficie potenzialmente inondabile fino al 25,7% (517.255 km<sup>2<\/sup>). Questo si traduce in una minaccia da inondazioni per altri 52 milioni di persone; 29.164 km<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0di aree agricole; 14.991 km<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0di aree urbane; 9% del PIL delle aree costiere ed il 29,9% di quello delle zone umide, con gli impatti maggiori per l\u2019America Latina e i Caraibi, mentre le perdite di PIL delle aree litorali potrebbero essere molto alte in Asia Orientale ed in America Latina.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c83fa45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c83fa45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 The largest storm surge in Europe?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2091\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2091\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3655\" class=\"elementor elementor-3655\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d4cd3c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d4cd3c1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e438a7\" data-id=\"8e438a7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf8d54e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf8d54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>On Feb 1, 1953.a storm originating in the North Sea hit the Netherlands inundating 150,000 ha and killing &gt;1800 people. Prior to this in 1281, &gt; 80,000 died and in 1421 &gt; 100,000.<\/p><p>The surge of 2.7m at Southend also caused much damage in eastern UK (Alexander, 1993).<\/p><p>Alexander, D. 1993 Natural disasters, Chapman and Hall, New York.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.2 The largest coastal surge in the world?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2092\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2092\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3659\" class=\"elementor elementor-3659\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f1866ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f1866ee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-63fce10\" data-id=\"63fce10\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c42c162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c42c162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable, having a low topography so that the coast is virtually at sea level, shallow continental shelf, high tidal range and a high population density. In 1970 &gt;220,000 people died with a recorded surge of &gt;9m (Pugh, 1987; Murty and Flather, 1994); 11,000 died in May, 1985 and circa 200,000 died in 1991 (Alexander, 1993). The Saxby gale of 1869 caused huge damage along the Bay of Fundy, Canada with a surge &gt;2m The Galveston, USA, hurricane in 1900, raised water levels by &gt;5m killing around 6,000 people; in 1938 a hurricane with a 2m surge swept across Long Island and southern New England killing &gt;700 people (Ludlam, 1988); the Ash Wednesday storm of 1962 affected the entire eastern seaboard of the USA and lasted over five tidal cycles. In 1992, the New York metro was flooded by a &gt;2m surge, resulting in human loss of life; and property damage; the Halloween storm\u2019 of 1991, basis of the film, \u2018The Perfect Storm\u2019, Hugo in 1989 in South Carolina, Andrew in 1992 in the Florida Keys and Katrina for New Orleans all give evidence of surges that cost lives and property.<\/p><p>Ludlam, D.M. 1988. The great hurricane of 1938, Weatherwise, 41, 214-216.<br \/>Murty, T.S., and Flather, R.A., 1994.Impact of storm surges in the Bay of Bengal, In Finkl, C.W. Jr. (ed.) Coastal hazards: Perception, susceptibility and Mitigation. J Coastal Research, SI 12, 149-161.<br \/>Pugh, D.T. 1987. Tides, surges and mean sea level. J Wiley and Sons, Chichester.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.3 Case study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2093\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2093\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3662\" class=\"elementor elementor-3662\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d72c2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d72c2d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c63a748\" data-id=\"c63a748\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e0b7740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e0b7740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Nichols et al (2008) investigated 136 port cities around the world having &gt;one million inhabitants in 2005, to exposure of coastal flooding due to storm surge and damage due to high winds in the 2070\u2019s. Across all cities, about 40 million people (0.6% of the global population or roughly 1 in 10 of the total port city population in the considered cities) are exposed to a 1 in 100 year coastal flood event. By the 2070s, total population exposed could grow to circa 150 million due to the combined effects of climate change (sea-level rise surges and increased storminess), subsidence, population growth and urbanisation. Asset exposure could reach US $35,000 billion by the 2070s; more than ten times current levels rising to some 9% of projected global GDP in this period. On a global-scale, population growth, socio-economic growth and urbanization are the most important drivers of the overall increase in exposure.<\/p><p>Nicholls, R.J., Hanson, S .,. Herweijer, N., Patmore,, S. Hallegatte, J., Corfee-Morlot, J., Ch\u00e2teau and R. Muir-Wood (2), 2008. Ranking port cities with high exposure and vulnerabilitiy to climate extremes exposure estimates, Environment Working Papers No.1, OECD, 68pp.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2094\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2094\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.4 Case study: the Mediterranean <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2094\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2094\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3666\" class=\"elementor elementor-3666\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bad059e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bad059e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2740886\" data-id=\"2740886\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0c8e2c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c0c8e2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Mediterranean cyclones\u00a0are infrequent to rare with\u00a0debate concerning their typology (tropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones or polar lows). They develop over open waters under strong, initially cold-core cyclones, similar to subtropical cyclones in the Atlantic Basin with\u00a0typically non-tropical origins (<em>source:\u00a0<\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone\"><em>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone<\/em><\/a><em>).<\/em><\/p><p>While Mediterranean sea surface temperatures\u00a0in late-August and early-September range between\u00a0+24 to +28\u00b0C,\u00a0research indicates water temperatures of 20 \u00b0C are normally required for cyclone development and it appears that elevated cold air may bebe the main trigger for instability in the development of these systems.<\/p><p>It has been suggsted that\u00a0a &#8220;hurricane season in the Mediterranean would be June &#8211; November ( similar to the North Atlantic hurricane season).\u00a0<\/p><p>Recent US National Academy of Sciences study has shown\u00a0powerful links between rising ocean temperatures in the key hurricane breeding grounds of the Atlantic and Pacific and an increase in the intensity of such storms.<em>(source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theaustralian.news.com.au\/story\/0,25197,22080458-30417,00.html\">http:\/\/www.theaustralian.news.com.au\/story\/0,25197,22080458-30417,00.html<\/a>).<\/em>\u00a0 For example:<\/p><ul><li>2004, Cyclone Catarina, South Atlantic<\/li><li>2005 Hurricane Vince, Madeira in Portugal, an area that had never before produced such storms. It even struck Spain &#8211; another first.<\/li><li>2005, New Orleans overwhelmed by Hurricane Katrina.<\/li><li>2005: US Gulf coast, Hurricane Rita, the 4th most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded.<\/li><\/ul><p>It has been further suggested\u00a0that climate change induced warming in the Mediterranean may be enabling it to store enough heat to trigger the formation of its own hurricanes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73cf298 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"73cf298\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3669\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996.jpg 560w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Med-Hurricane-Balearic-isles-1996-300x268.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-784790f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"784790f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Mediterranean tropical cyclone &#8211; October 6-10, 1996 which resulted in serious flooding\u00a0<\/strong>in the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, and south Italy. Winds of up to 145 km\/h were reported over the Eolian Islands, causing infrastructural\u00a0damage and\u00a0four deaths. (source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mediterranean_tropical_cyclone)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1795\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1795\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. Quali possono essere le conseguenze di un sovralzo di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1795\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1795\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8334\" class=\"elementor elementor-8334 elementor-3676\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fc790a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fc790a5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b070ee\" data-id=\"0b070ee\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb0ceec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fb0ceec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Perdita di vite umane<\/li>\n<li>Inondazioni = perdite ambientali e costi economici.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gli uragani causano pi\u00f9 vittime di qualsiasi altra tipologia di tempesta. Le nazioni a basso reddito, in particolare, possono subire danni molto significativi, ad esempio il Salvador, lo Yemen e il Mozambico.<\/p>\n<p>Le aree urbane di queste nazioni non possiedono infrastrutture che possano gestire il corretto deflusso delle acque in occasione delle tempeste e quelle esistenti sono spesso vecchie e prive di manutenzione.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28d6ea1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"28d6ea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-4281\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-4281\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.1 Copenhagen case study<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-4281\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-4281\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3681\" class=\"elementor elementor-3681\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-582928e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"582928e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f4b8ffc\" data-id=\"f4b8ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63c1794 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"63c1794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Hallegatte et al (2008) using Copenhagen as a case study, showed that was not highly vulnerable to storm surges and coastal floods. Man-made defences, are necessary, as without them, economic losses caused by a current 10 yr storm surge event, would reach Euros 2.5 billion Without man-made defences, sea level rise would increase coastal flood risks in a significant manner, i.e. 50 cm of sea level rise would increase by 55% the losses caused by the 120-yr event, from Euros 3 to 5 billion.<\/p><p>St\u00e9phane Hallegatte ,Nicola Patmore , Olivier Mestre, Patrice Dumas, Jan Corfee Morlot, Celine Herweijer and Robert Muir, 2008. Assessing Climate Change Impacts, Sea Level Rise and Storm Surge Risk in Port Cities: A Case Study on Copenhagen, OECD Environment Working Paper, No. 3.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1796\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1796\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. I comportamenti umani possono influenzare le conseguenze dei sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1796\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1796\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8336\" class=\"elementor elementor-8336 elementor-3685\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-404d882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"404d882\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e1e4fb\" data-id=\"0e1e4fb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c227d5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c227d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Le conseguenze possono essere ridotte attraverso una maggiore consapevolezza pubblica.<\/li>\n<li>Il miglioramento delle previsioni meteorologiche pu\u00f2 permettere una allerta precoce rispetto a tali eventi, in modo da agevolare le operazioni di evacuazione. Comunque, questo \u00e8 possibile pi\u00f9 per i paesi sviluppati che per quelli emergenti, dove ampie fasce di popolazione vivono in regioni agricole, a basse quote, molto suscettibili all\u2019impatto di inondazioni e dove le informazioni sono spesso non disponibili e\/o non adeguatamente fornite alla popolazione in tempi brevi.<\/li>\n<li>Sono necessarie opere di protezione, giacch\u00e9 senza di queste si stima che un evento con tempo di ritorno di 10 anni possa causare perdite economiche fino a 2,5 miliardi di Euro.<\/li>\n<li>Senza opere di protezione, l\u2019innalzamento del livello medio del mare potrebbe accrescere il rischio inondazioni delle aree costiere in maniera significativa, ovvero, un innalzamento di 50 cm aumenterebbe del 55% le perdite causate da una evento con tempo di ritorno di 120 anni, da 3 miliardi a 5 miliardi di Euro.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1797\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1797\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. I comportamenti umani possono influenzare le cause dei sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1797\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1797\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8338\" class=\"elementor elementor-8338 elementor-3691\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-659c488 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"659c488\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d702b0\" data-id=\"0d702b0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e141af1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e141af1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Gli uragani e le tempeste che generano i sovralzi di tempesta sono fenomeni naturali che non possiamo controllare. Nonostante questo, \u00e8 stato ipotizzato come il riscaldamento globale (la componente del cambiamento climatico pesantemente influenzata dalle emissioni di gas serra antropici) possa determinare un\u2019instabilit\u00e0 meteorologica risultante in una maggiore frequenza ed in una maggiore intensit\u00e0 di uragani e sovralzi. In tale contesto, frenare il riscaldamento globale potrebbe contribuire a diminuire i trend potenziali di incremento dell\u2019attivit\u00e0 degli uragani e dei sovralzi di tempesta.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1798\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1798\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Si possono prevedere i sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1798\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1798\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8340\" class=\"elementor elementor-8340 elementor-3694\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a69c8fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a69c8fc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eca89e5\" data-id=\"eca89e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84047d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"84047d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Si. Le previsioni meteorologiche, in particolare attraverso modelli matematici, sono sufficientemente affidabili per prevedere i sovralzi e vengono costantemente migliorate. Il principale problema nel prevedere tale pericolosit\u00e0 risiede nella capacit\u00e0 del sistema di diffondere l\u2019informazione relativa alla pericolosit\u00e0 stessa. Vengono usati diversi modelli, come il WES Implicit Flooding Model e lo SLOSH, utilizzato dallo US National Weather Service per le previsioni in tempo reale. I dati di input sono la pressione minima centrale, il raggio, il percorso e la velocit\u00e0 della tempesta. Esistono anche altri modelli, come quello di Hubbart and McInnes, (1997), che considera mobile l\u2019interfaccia tra la terra e l\u2019acqua, capace di inondare l\u2019entroterra all\u2019innalzarsi del livello dell\u2019acqua.<\/p>\n<p>Le simulazioni di Emmanuel et al. (2008) su oltre 2000 tracciati di tempesta, indicano che la frequenza dei sovralzi di tempesta diminuir\u00e0 nell\u2019emisfero meridionale e nell\u2019Oceano Indiano, mentre aumenter\u00e0 nell\u2019Oceano Pacifico nord-occidentale. Le simulazioni evidenziano, inoltre, come i cambiamenti nell\u2019attivit\u00e0 dei cicloni tropicali siano altamente influenzati da una crescente differenza (dovuta ad un clima pi\u00f9 caldo) tra l\u2019entropia d\u2019aria umida dello strato limite atmosferico e quella della media troposfera. Sono modelli \u201cintegrati oceano-atmosfera, costruiti in coordinate di momento angolare, che permettono di raggiungere un\u2019alta risoluzione del nucleo a bassi costi\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Kerry Emanuel, Ragoth Sundararajan, and John Williams, 2008. Hurricanes, and Global Warming: Results from Downscaling IPCC AR4 Simulations, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 89(3) 47\u2013367<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f0f8b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"1f0f8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3251\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3251\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.1 The SLOSH model<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3251\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3251\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3699\" class=\"elementor elementor-3699\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bda785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bda785\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6c62ed7\" data-id=\"6c62ed7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42adf22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42adf22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The Sea, Lake, and Overland Surge from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model<\/p><ul><li>Provides real time forecasting and hurricane storm surge inundation maps for the U.S. Atlantic coast, Oahu, the Bahama Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. (source:\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/hurricane\/surge_images.asp\">http:\/\/www.wunderground.com\/hurricane\/surge_images.asp<\/a>).<\/li><li>Accuracy of the SLOSH model is advertised as +\/- 20%. It provides 2 sets of images:<\/li><li>&#8220;<u>Maximum Water Depth<\/u>\u201c &#8211; water depth at each grid cell of the SLOSH domain. Thus if inland at elevation of 10ft &gt; MSL, and combined storm surge and tide ( &#8220;storm tide&#8221;) is 15ft at your location, then the\u00a0water depth image will show 5ft of inundation.<\/li><li>&#8220;<u>Maximum Storm Tide<\/u>\u201c &#8211; how high above mean sea level the sum of the storm surge plus the tide reaches.<\/li><li>Over the ocean, the storm tide and water depth images will show the same values.<\/li><li>Images are generated for high tide, thus showing worst-case inundation scenarios for mid-strength hurricanes of each Saffir-Simpson Category (1- 5).<\/li><\/ul><p>However, the US National Hurricane Center no longer includes storm surges and flooding for hurricane categories stating that people are not acting upon warnings. In part, this may be a result of past\u00a0discrepancies that have occured\u00a0between forecasted and actual. For example, Hurricane Ike, a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale, had winds of 96-110 mph, and a storm surge of 3.5 &#8211; 6.8m. The forecasted storm surge was of a Category 5 storm i.e. winds greater than 155 mph. A Category 2 hurricane, on the Saffir-Simpson scale, has a storm surge of 6 to 8 feet. (1.8 to 2.8m)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1799\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1799\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Si possono prevenire i sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1799\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1799\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8342\" class=\"elementor elementor-8342 elementor-3703\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-68a575b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"68a575b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1933d6\" data-id=\"b1933d6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9222920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9222920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>No, finch\u00e9 non riusciremo a controllare le dinamiche meteorologiche. Ci\u00f2 di cui vi \u00e8 bisogno \u00e8 una maggiore preparazione nei confronti delle catastrofi naturali.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17910\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17910\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Si possono mitigare le conseguenze dei sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17910\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17910\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8344\" class=\"elementor elementor-8344 elementor-3709\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bc09bd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bc09bd2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4709f0a\" data-id=\"4709f0a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9f8024 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9f8024\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li>Identificare le aree ad alto rischio sovralzi di tempesta (carte dei sovralzi di tempesta).<\/li>\n<li>Raccogliere dati empirici necessari per ottenere curve dei tempi di ritorno per le alluvioni e le tempeste (particolarmente per paesi con economie emergenti).<\/li>\n<li>Creare un sistema di previsione dei sovralzi di tempesta.<\/li>\n<li>Sviluppare\/implementare un sistema di informazione ed allerta.<\/li>\n<li>Evacuare le aree ad alto rischio (ad esempio aree costiere a basse quote) qualora venga previsto un sovralzo di tempesta o un uragano.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La riduzione degli effetti dannosi rappresenta il cuore della mitigazione ed \u00e8 definita come l\u2019insieme delle misure economicamente efficaci intraprese per ridurre il potenziale di danno che la pericolosit\u00e0 pu\u00f2 determinare su di una comunit\u00e0. La mitigazione della pericolosit\u00e0 \u00e8 un\u2019azione intrapresa per ridurre od eliminare il rischio di lungo periodo relativo alle persone ed alla propriet\u00e0, determinato dalle pericolosit\u00e0 e dai loro effetti. Un programma di mitigazione della pericolosit\u00e0 dovrebbe porsi 5 obiettivi principali:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mantenere e, se possibile, migliorare la qualit\u00e0 ambientale;<\/li>\n<li>Mantenere e, se possibile, migliorare la qualit\u00e0 della vita;<\/li>\n<li>Identificare un\u2019equit\u00e0 inter-governamentale;<\/li>\n<li>Identificare interessi e problemi comunitari;<\/li>\n<li>Favorire la resilienza locale verso le catastrofi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In sostanza, la mitigazione del rischio costiero pu\u00f2 essere suddivisa in 4 aree principali:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pianificazione: in relazione ai piani di gestione della spiaggia e della costa. Le pericolosit\u00e0 dovrebbero essere identificate ed analizzate nella fase di pianificazione dello sviluppo della costa, in modo che possano essere identificate le aree ad alto rischio e, laddove possibile, le persone possano essere evacuate od avvisate.<\/li>\n<li>Educazione: si riferisce all\u2019educazione alla sicurezza in ambito costiero, a cominciare dalla scuola primaria, includendo tutti gli utilizzatori della spiaggia, compresi i turisti nazionali ed internazionali.<\/li>\n<li>Risorse per la sicurezza: si riferisce alla disponibilit\u00e0 di personale e di risorse materiali.<\/li>\n<li>Supporto medico: il supporto per chi viene salvato ed ha bisogno di urgenti cure mediche. Questo comprende l\u2019accesso ad ambulanze ed elicotteri, la presenza di un presidio medico vicino e di bagnini ben addestrati ed equipaggiati.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Non appena viene previsto un sovralzo di tempesta od un uragano, le persone dovrebbero essere evacuate dalle aree a basse quote. Pertanto, allerte come quelle emanate in occasione dei maremoti sono necessarie in tutte le aree a rischio. Poich\u00e9 per i paesi del Terzo Mondo non sono disponibili dati empirici per ottenere curve dei periodi di ritorno di alluvioni e tempeste, il sovralzo indotto da una tempesta viene stimato utilizzando modelli matematici, come ad esempio il WES Implicit Flooding Model (Butler and Sheng, 1982). Lo US National Weather Service usa lo SLOSH model (Jelesnianski et al, 1992) per effettuare previsioni in tempo reale. I dati di input sono la pressione minima centrale, il raggio, la traccia e la velocit\u00e0 della tempesta. L\u2019onda di run-up di corto periodo viene omessa ed il modello viene regolarmente utilizzato negli Stati Uniti. Esistono anche altri modelli, ad esempio quello di Hubbart and McInnes, (1997), che considera mobile l\u2019interfaccia terra-acqua, capace di inondare l\u2019entroterra all\u2019innalzarsi del livello dell\u2019acqua.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17911\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17911\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. Cosa si deve fare in caso di uragani\/sovralzi di tempesta?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17911\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17911\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8346\" class=\"elementor elementor-8346 elementor-3715\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5d2b70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5d2b70\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-11921c3\" data-id=\"11921c3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b6381f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b6381f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>La storia ci insegna che la mancanza di consapevolezza e preparazione rispetto agli uragani \u00e8 un filo comune che unisce tutte le maggiori catastrofi. Conoscere la tua vulnerabilit\u00e0 e le azioni che dovresti intraprendere potrebbe ridurre gli effetti di una catastrofe provocata da un uragano.<\/p>\n<p>Le azioni di sicurezza in occasione di un sovralzo di tempesta comprendono:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Ascoltare e prestare attenzione alle previsioni del tempo e, se possibile, radunare la propria famiglia;<\/li>\n<li>Cercare di raggiungere posizioni elevate o la sommit\u00e0 di una struttura stabile, di modo che l\u2019acqua fluisca sotto o attraverso la struttura stessa;<\/li>\n<li>Cercare di mantenere la calma e di avere acqua pulita con te;<\/li>\n<li>Se possibile, usare un telefono cellulare per contattare le autorit\u00e0 d\u2019emergenza.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Il National Hurricane Centre dello US National Weather Service (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/\">http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/<\/a>) fornisce le seguenti indicazioni per l\u2019evacuazione:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ridurre al minimo la distanza che devi percorrere per raggiungere una posizione sicura; se percorri un tragitto lungo, aumentano le probabilit\u00e0 di incontrare traffico congestionato ed altri problemi sulle strade.<\/li>\n<li>Selezionare la destinazione di possibile evacuazione pi\u00f9 vicina, preferibilmente all\u2019interno della zona in cui ti trovi, e traccia il tuo percorso. Non metterti in strada senza aver gi\u00e0 pianificato un percorso o individuato un luogo da raggiungere.<\/li>\n<li>Scegli la casa dell\u2019amico o del parente pi\u00f9 vicino al di fuori di una prestabilita zona di evacuazione e discuti il tuo piano con loro prima della stagione degli uragani.<\/li>\n<li>Puoi anche scegliere un hotel od un motel al di fuori dell\u2019area vulnerabile.<\/li>\n<li>Se nessuna di queste opzioni \u00e8 percorribile, considera l\u2019eventualit\u00e0 di raggiungere il pi\u00f9 vicino rifugio pubblico, preferibilmente all\u2019interno della zona in cui ti trovi.<\/li>\n<li>Utilizza i percorsi di evacuazione stabiliti dalle autorit\u00e0 e, se possibile, prendi confidenza con il percorso percorrendolo prima che venga emanato un ordine di evacuazione.<\/li>\n<li>Contatta l\u2019ufficio di riferimento preposto alla gestione dell\u2019emergenza, per registrarti o per acquisire informazioni relative a persone, presenti nella tua zona di residenza, che potrebbero avere bisogno di assistenza speciale durante l\u2019evacuazione.<\/li>\n<li>Prepara un piano separato per gli animali domestici, poich\u00e9 molti rifugi pubblici non accettano animali domestici.<\/li>\n<li>Prima di lasciare la tua abitazione, chiudi le finestre e le porte, portando dentro tutti gli oggetti del giardino e disattivando tutti i servizi.<\/li>\n<li>Prima di lasciare la tua abitazione, fai rifornimento all\u2019automobile e preleva contante extra dal bancomat.<\/li>\n<li>Prendi con te tutte le medicine a te prescritte e gli oggetti medicali speciali, come occhiali e pannolini.<\/li>\n<li>Se il tuo piano di evacuazione familiare include un RV, una barca o una roulotte, parti prima possibile. Non aspettare di partire quando l\u2019ordine di evacuazione \u00e8 gi\u00e0 stato impartito.<\/li>\n<li>Se abiti in una zona d\u2019evacuazione e ti \u00e8 stato ordinato di evacuare da parte di ufficiali locali o statali, fallo il pi\u00f9 velocemente possibile. Non aspettare o ritardare la tua partenza perch\u00e9 potrebbero aumentare le probabilit\u00e0 di rimanere bloccato nel traffico o addirittura di non riuscire ad evacuare affatto.<\/li>\n<li>Metti in conto la possibilit\u00e0 che vi siano congestioni nel traffico e ritardi durante l\u2019evacuazione. Metti in conto e pianifica tempi di percorrenza significativamente pi\u00f9 lunghi del normale per raggiungere la destinazione prescelta per la tua famiglia.<\/li>\n<li>Resta sintonizzato su di una radio locale o su di una televisione e ascolta attentamente ogni avviso o specifica istruzione proveniente da ufficiali locali. Ascolta la tua stazione radio delle previsioni del tempo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d88e10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"7d88e10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11.1 Home Evacuation Plan<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1311\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3720\" class=\"elementor elementor-3720\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce595cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ce595cf\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a368b4\" data-id=\"3a368b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27659e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27659e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The Virginia (US) Department of Emergency Management suggest the following steps in the preparation of a home evacuation plan:<\/p><ul><li>Coastal residents should become familiar with their designated evacuation routes and know where they will go if ordered to evacuate. Emergency officials have designated hurricane evacuation routes for Hampton, the Eastern Shore, Norfolk, Poquoson, the Middle Peninsula, the Northern Neck, Virginia Beach and York County. City or county officials will issue a evacuation order if conditions warrant it. If you have questions about your area&#8217;s evacuation routes, you can contact your local emergency manager.<\/li><li>Residents living inland should know where to go if ordered to evacuate their area. Flash floods can develop in a matter of minutes, with little or no warning. Know ahead of time where your family should go to find higher ground.<\/li><li>Identify ahead of time where you could go if you have to leave your home. Choose several places, such as a friend&#8217;s home in another town, a motel and a shelter.<\/li><li>Remember that evacuation shelters often do not supply pillows, blankets or sheets. Bring these items with you.<\/li><li>Animals other than service animals are usually not permitted into evacuation shelters. Make a plan ahead of time with a friend or relative, a veterinarian or a kennel that offers pet sheltering. Visit the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Office of Communications (VDACS) pet emergency planning http:\/\/www.vdacs.virginia.gov\/animals\/petshelter.shtml for more information.<\/li><li>When severe weather is approaching, make sure you emergency supplies kit is nearby and listen to local radio or TV stations for evacuation instructions &#8212; you might have only minutes to act.<\/li><li>Keep the telephone numbers of evacuation shelters with a road map. You may need to take alternate or unfamiliar routes if major roads are closed or clogged.<\/li><li>Be sure to review your evacuation plan regularly to ensure that all of the information contained in it is still up to date. Make sure that all family members are familiar with the plan.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-17912\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-17912\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. Che tipi di carte esistono per i sovralzi di tempesta? \u2022\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-17912\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-17912\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8348\" class=\"elementor elementor-8348 elementor-3724\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a3a600 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a3a600\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8262fc8\" data-id=\"8262fc8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb2b7ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb2b7ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Carte dei sovralzi di tempesta (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hremc.org\/surge.htm\">http:\/\/www.hremc.org\/surge.htm<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>La vulnerabilit\u00e0 di una comunit\u00e0 locale rispetto alle alluvioni causate dagli uragani pu\u00f2 essere valutata analizzando le carte dei sovralzi di tempesta create specificatamente per una determinata regione:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le carte dei sovralzi offrono una indicazione generale rispetto all\u2019estensione degli allagamenti che possono essere causati da varie categorie di uragani.<\/li>\n<li>E\u2019 importante capire l\u2019informazione in esse contenute: la valutazione dell\u2019estensione che l\u2019allagamento pu\u00f2 raggiungere pu\u00f2 essere considerata come lo scenario peggiore tra tutte le direzioni possibili che la tempesta pu\u00f2 percorrere.<\/li>\n<li>Le carte dei sovralzi non indicano i tiranti d\u2019acqua e non considerano la componente dell\u2019allagamento data dalle forti piogge che accompagnano l\u2019uragano.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019estensione dell\u2019allagamento dipende anche dalle variazioni di marea.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Per cosa vengono utilizzate?<\/p>\n<p>Le carte che mostrano le possibili aree allagate dopo un sovralzo di tempesta vengono preparate dalle autorit\u00e0 per ridurre il rischio di possibili perdite all\u2019interno di un\u2019area costiera. Un esempio \u00e8 stato predisposto dallo European Spatial Planning Observation Network (ESPON) come si pu\u00f2 vedere nella figura sotto.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56605f elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"a56605f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.1 where can I get these maps from?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3729\" class=\"elementor elementor-3729\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b038224 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b038224\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e78352\" data-id=\"8e78352\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e6b545 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e6b545\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>For maps and further information see:<\/p><p>www.metoffice.gov.uk\/corporate\/pressoffice\/anniversary\/floods1953.html &#8211; 27k &#8211;<br \/>www.nhc.noaa.gov\/HAW2\/english\/storm_surge.shtml &#8211; 45k &#8211;<br \/>www.nhc.noaa.gov\/HAW2\/english\/storm_surge.shtml &#8211; 45k &#8211;<br \/>Storm surge &#8211; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br \/>en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Storm_surge &#8211; 113k &#8211;<br \/>www.metoffice.gov.uk\/corporate\/pressoffice\/anniversary\/floods1953.html &#8211; 27k &#8211;<br \/>www.ohsep.louisiana.gov\/factsheets\/stormsurges.htm &#8211; 57k &#8211;<br \/>www.comet.ucar.edu\/nsflab\/web\/hurricane\/313.htm &#8211; 7k &#8211;<br \/>www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-R78DHqFOyY &#8211; 135k &#8211;<br \/>USATODAY.com &#8211;<br \/>www.usatoday.com\/graphics\/weather\/gra\/gsurge\/flash.htm &#8211; 2k &#8211;<br \/>blogs.worldbank.org\/climatechange\/risk-intensified-storm-surges-high-stakes-developing-countr\u2026 &#8211; 51k &#8211;<br \/>www.cnn.com\/2009\/US\/weather\/05\/15\/hurricane.scale\/index.html &#8211; 71k &#8211;<br \/>www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg20227025.100-hurricane-speed-reveals-where-storm-surges-will-s\u2026 &#8211; 53k<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta Preparato da ICoD &#8211; Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) &amp; the Editorial Board Un uragano \u00e8 un sistema di temporali con forti venti che circolano attorno ad un\u2019area di bassa pressione chiamata \u201docchio\u201d. La pressione dell\u2019aria fluisce dalla zona ad alta pressione verso quella a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8887,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/hurricanes-and-storm-surges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali Uragani e sovralzo di tempesta Preparato da ICoD &#8211; Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) &amp; the Editorial Board Un uragano \u00e8 un sistema di temporali con forti venti che circolano attorno ad un\u2019area di bassa pressione chiamata \u201docchio\u201d. 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