{"id":8816,"date":"2020-12-04T09:15:47","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T09:15:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/alluvioni\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:19:01","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:19:01","slug":"floods","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/hazards\/floods\/","title":{"rendered":"Alluvioni"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8816\" class=\"elementor elementor-8816 elementor-4111\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e92cafa heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e92cafa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30cbd64\" data-id=\"30cbd64\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4994d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f4994d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22642d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"22642d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Alluvioni<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b574d7b\" data-id=\"b574d7b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43da4eb elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"43da4eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f3898b small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f3898b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>Preparato da ECRP &#8211; European Center for Risk Prevention (Sofia, Bulgaria)\u00a0&amp; the Editorial Board.<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ea9620 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4ea9620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea1f768 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ea1f768\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-1024x320.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4113\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-1024x320.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-300x94.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-768x240.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-1536x480.jpg 1536w, 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36\"><path d=\"M 5.5 11 h 23 v 1 l -11 6 l -11 -6 v -1 m 0 2 l 11 6 l 11 -6 v 11 h -22 v -11\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"heateorSssClear\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abbc6c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"abbc6c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Un\u2019alluvione \u00e8 determinata dal temporaneo ricoprimento, da parte dell\u2019acqua, di una superficie di terreno generalmente libera da acqua.<\/p>\n<p>Alluvioni possono essere causate da corsi d\u2019acqua (fiumi, sorgenti di montagna, corsi d\u2019acqua solitamente asciutti ecc.), che non sono in grado di contenere afflussi d\u2019acqua eccessivi.<\/p>\n<p>Gran parte di tali afflussi deriva da precipitazioni intense o prolungate, ma altre cause (tra cui intenso scioglimento di ghiaccio\/ghiacciai, maree costiere, sovralzi di tempesta o maremoti) possono a loro volta causare alluvioni. Non viene considerato come alluvione l\u2019esondazione d\u2019acqua derivante dall\u2019inefficienza delle reti fognarie.<\/p>\n<p>Le alluvioni sono una potenziale causa di incidenti, di esodi di popolazioni, capaci di danneggiare l\u2019ambiente e di compromettere in modo grave lo sviluppo economico.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da9d15a elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"da9d15a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2291\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2291\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. Cos'\u00e8 un'alluvione?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2291\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2291\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8402\" class=\"elementor elementor-8402 elementor-4127\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-85f6c56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"85f6c56\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-afcbe9c\" data-id=\"afcbe9c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b97f28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6b97f28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Un&#8217;alluvione si verifica quando l&#8217;acqua va ad occupare una porzione di terreno che solitamente ne \u00e8 priva. Le alluvioni possono verificarsi ad opera di fiumi, corsi d&#8217;acqua montani od effimeri delle regioni mediterranee e del mare, intenso scioglimento di ghiaccio\/ghiacciai o effetti derivanti dalla rottura o dall&#8217;inofficiosit\u00e0\u00a0del sistema fognario. A originare un\u2019alluvione sono prevalentemente piogge abbondanti o prolungate. Le precipitazioni, infatti, possono avere effetti significativi sulla portata di fiumi, torrenti e\u00a0 canali. Un corso d\u2019acqua pu\u00f2 ingrossarsi fino a esondare, cio\u00e8 straripare o rompere gli argini, allagando il territorio circostante. Non tutti i corsi d\u2019acqua, per\u00f2, si presentano e si comportano allo stesso modo. I torrenti diventano veri e propri fiumi solo quando piove molto. Al diminuire delle precipitazioni, il livello delle acque pu\u00f2 ridursi fino a lasciare il letto asciutto.<\/p>\n<p>Le alluvioni sono potenziale causa di incidenti e possono costringere le persone ad abbandonare per un certo periodo le loro abitazioni, determinando danni all&#8217;ambiente ed al tessuto socio-economico. In generale, le alluvioni hanno effetti pi\u00f9 gravi nei centri urbani<\/p>\n<p>Sebbene le alluvioni siano innescate da fenomeni naturali che non possono\u00a0essere impediti, le loro conseguenze negative possono essere ridotte<\/p>\n<p>Per &#8220;rischio\u00a0alluvionale&#8221; si intende la combinazione tra la probabilit\u00e0 che si verifichi un&#8217;alluvione\u00a0e le potenziali conseguenze negative che questa pu\u00f2 determinare sulla salute umana, sull&#8217;ambiente, sul patrimonio culturale e sulle attivit\u00e0 economiche.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f81ada elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4f81ada\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"518\" height=\"137\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/WhatIsAFlood.gif\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4132\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2292\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2292\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. Quali tipi di alluvioni esistono?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2292\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2292\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8404\" class=\"elementor elementor-8404 elementor-4138\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1b1184 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1b1184\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f94e1af\" data-id=\"f94e1af\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c8f747 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c8f747\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>A seconda delle cause che le determinano, le alluvioni si possono generalmente suddividere in tre gruppi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><u>Primo gruppo<\/u>\u00a0\u2013 alluvioni causate da piogge intense o prolungate o dalla rapida fusione di neve,\u00a0 ghiaccio\/ghiacciai;<\/li>\n<li><u>Secondo gruppo<\/u>\u00a0\u2013 alluvioni causate da forti venti. Si possono verificare lungo la costa ed in corrispondenza dello sbocco dei fiumi in mare;<\/li>\n<li><u>Terzo gruppo<\/u>\u00a0\u2013 alluvioni causate da terremoti sottomarini e, meno frequentemente, da eruzioni di vulcani sottomarini od insulari. I terremoti e le eruzioni sottomarine possono causare onde giganti \u2013 maremoti, che solitamente producono alluvioni nella fascia costiera .<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Si possono ulteriormente distinguere attraverso le seguenti tipologie:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Alluvioni fluviali<\/strong><br \/>\nAvvengono in prossimit\u00e0 degli alvei fluviali. Sono le pi\u00f9 frequenti e ne esistono di diverse tipologie. (vai a 2.1)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alluvioni legate al drenaggio locale od all\u2019innalzamento dei livelli di falda<\/strong><br \/>\nIn questa tipologia rientrano le alluvioni causate dall\u2019inofficiosit\u00e0 del drenaggio locale e quelle causate dall\u2019innalzamento dei livelli di falda che si sviluppano in aree urbane (Fig.2). Questa tipologia di alluvioni \u00e8 principalmente causata dalla cattiva manutenzione, dalla mancanza di controllo o dalla pessima condizione dei sistemi idraulici in aree urbane. Queste alluvioni determinano il peggioramento delle normali condizioni di vita ed \u00e8 causa di perdite economiche. Oltre che in corrispondenza delle piane alluvionali e dei principali assi di drenaggio, precipitazioni locali molto intense possono generare alluvioni anche in aree diverse. Se le condizioni locali non sono sufficienti a sostenere le intense precipitazioni, grazie all\u2019infiltrazione ed al deflusso superficiale, le acque possono accumularsi e determinare un\u2019alluvione. Anche l\u2019innalzamento dei livelli di falda pu\u00f2 essere fonte di preoccupazione e pu\u00f2 produrre effetti negativi anche in assenza di eventi alluvionali. I piani interrati delle case sono particolarmente suscettibili agli alti livelli della falda.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alluvioni legate all\u2019oscillazione dei livelli dei laghi<\/strong><br \/>\nQuesta tipologia di alluvioni interessa, solitamente, ampie aree pianeggianti in prossimit\u00e0 delle coste lacustri ed ha una persistenza prolungata nel tempo. I cambiamenti climatici influiscono sulla frequenza e sull\u2019estensione di questa tipologia di alluvioni, poich\u00e9 il ciclo idrologico viene interrotto. Il livello dei laghi pu\u00f2 avere fluttuazioni di breve termine, stagionali, o di lungo termine, di mesi od anni. Precipitazioni intense, stagionali, possono determinare l\u2019innalzamento del livello dei laghi in brevissimo tempo, mentre la fusione del manto nevoso pu\u00f2 incrementare il deflusso dalle sorgenti. Le fluttuazioni di lungo termine sono un fenomeno meno conosciuto, ma che pu\u00f2 determinare alti livelli d\u2019acqua e relativi problemi di alluvionamento che possono permanere per anni o addirittura per decenni.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alluvioni (Inondazioni) costiere<\/strong><br \/>\nLe alluvioni costiere, in combinazione con altre tipologie di alluvioni (in particolare quelle fluviali), possono produrre enormi perdite. (vai a 2.2)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Il termine \u2018\u2019alluvione devastante\u201d viene usato per indicare tutte le tipologie sopra indicate, in grado di produrre enormi perdite in vite umane ed economiche.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8330f62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"8330f62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1 Alluvioni fluviali<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1371\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4144\" class=\"elementor elementor-4144\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8bfb014 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8bfb014\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b266f6d\" data-id=\"b266f6d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7933a85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7933a85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong><u>Riverine flooding includes:<\/u><br \/><br \/><u>&#8211;\u00a0Overflow from river channel or river floods<\/u><br \/>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>This kind of floods are with highest frequency. They are caused by bank overtopping when the flow capacity of rivers is exceeded locally.\u00a0(Fig. 2.1 a)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b3ba7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1b3ba7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"656\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1aDanubeFloodJune-2010-1024x656.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1aDanubeFloodJune-2010-1024x656.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1aDanubeFloodJune-2010-300x192.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1aDanubeFloodJune-2010-768x492.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1aDanubeFloodJune-2010.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">2.1 a Newspaper reporting about the riverine flood of the Danube River in June 2010 along the boundary between Moldova and Romania near Galati. The Danube water reached a record level higher than that of the flood in 2006 and overtopped the embankments.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b23012 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b23012\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">The activity of the local authorities for the prevention of flood risk is most important to reduce the consequences.<\/span><\/p><p>The general factors affecting the river floods are the intensity and the duration of the rainfall, the possibility of rivers and steams to let pass the rising waters, the condition of the land surface \u2013 soil and vegetation, topography, etc. The river floods occur at the higher scale of the rainfall system, where the permeability capabilities of the multitude of smaller tributaries are gradually filled up and the water peak is usually gradually collected and transported to the larger river.<br \/>The lengthy rivers flow through flat terrain and the water movement speed is low. The same applies in the occurrence of a flood; the water peak is reached very slowly and afterwards it fades down very slowly over the course of a few days to a few weeks. Usually the reason for the flood is intensive and prolonged rainfalls occurring in other regions, often in other countries within the fluvial catchment area. The situation becomes even more complex when the heavy rainfall continues along the river. These floods are predictable as they are usually of seasonal character and this allows for the proper organization of actions aiming to decrease the consequences.<\/p><p><strong><u>&#8211;\u00a0Flash floods<\/u><\/strong><br \/>There are floods caused by heavy rainfall taking place within a short timeline.<br \/>During the last decade, the frequency of these kinds of floods has increased with climate change.<br \/>Such floods are harder to predict and they can occur in dry places where there is no running river. Such floods can prove to be very dangerous since they start suddenly and develop very rapidly.<br \/>In the case of flash floods, the reaction is mostly hindered by the very short time between their origination\/continuous heavy rainfall\/ and the reaching of the water peak in a short time.<br \/>The flash flood is characterized by the rapid increase in the water level, the high speed and large quantity of debris in water, giving the flood a high destructive power. The main factors causing the origination of a flash flood are the intensive and continuous rainfall and the steep water sheds.<br \/>In certain regions the flash floods often result from isolated high-speed local rainfalls, rendering the warning and protection of the population a very difficult task. In other regions such floods occur annually in one and the same river, where warning the population is possible, but advance organization is needed, since the reaction time is quite short. Flash\u00a0floods are capable of tearing out trees, undermining buildings and bridges and scouping new chanels.<br \/>During the month of April\u00a0 2020, Yemen has experienced heavy rains which caused flash floods in different areas of the country. At least 150,000 people were affected and according to the health authorities seven people died. More recently, on\u00a0 5th august 2020, at least 17 people, including 8 children, have been killed in flash floods in Yemen&#8217;s northern region.<br \/>On 9th august\u00a0 2020, heavy rains and thunderstorms have caused flash flooding on the on Greek Island of Evia, killing at least seven people including a baby (See Fig. 2.1 b). The news was posted on 10th august\u00a0 2020 also \u00a0in the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BeSafeNet\">https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BeSafeNet<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-694f92c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"694f92c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1b-FlashFloodEviaIslandGreece-1024x579.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4152\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1b-FlashFloodEviaIslandGreece-1024x579.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1b-FlashFloodEviaIslandGreece-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1b-FlashFloodEviaIslandGreece-768x435.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1b-FlashFloodEviaIslandGreece.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 2.1 b &#8211; Flooded street following a flash flood at the village of Politika, on Greek Island of Evia (Angelos Tzortzinis\/Agence France Presse)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69b4f70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69b4f70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">&#8211; Alluvial fan floods<\/strong><\/p><p>This type of flooding is typical for mountain and volcanic areas and rare for other regions.<\/p><p>Alluvial fan floods which adversely affect people lives usually occur when the threatened areas are at the passage between the mountain and flat areas or mountain and seacoast. When the requirements for the building works are not respected, there is a lack of control and the prevention plans are a formality. The consequences are always very destructive and with many victims e.g., in Venezuela in 1999, 19 000 people died.<br \/>The common torrents pass through the main riverbed and most of them have a stone-muddy structure. They are particularly dangerous since they often pass through urbanized areas (Fig.2.1 c). Their most dangerous characteristics are the suddenness, the straightforwardness of movement and the transportation of large quantities of hard materials, which pile up on, or destroy along their way settlements, roads, railway tracks, engineering equipment and agricultural lands.<br \/>The destructive forces of the torrent are defined by the increased capability to transport hard materials, the interruptibility of the movement, the high velocity of up to 15km per hour.<br \/>The human activity, related to the intensive use of mountain slopes leads to the increase in the volume and frequency of this type of flood, as well as to the increase in the number of locations where they can occur.<br \/>Alluvial fan floods. Their name\/fan\/ corresponds to the shape of the spreading mass. In substance they are the same as the above described but the solid mass prevails and they are more similar to the landslide.<br \/>Alluvial fan floods can\u00a0cause greater damage than\u00a0typical riverine flooding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e48f6d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e48f6d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"850\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1cAlluvialFanFloodArchivioCNR-IRPI-Torino.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4157\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1cAlluvialFanFloodArchivioCNR-IRPI-Torino.jpg 850w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1cAlluvialFanFloodArchivioCNR-IRPI-Torino-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_1cAlluvialFanFloodArchivioCNR-IRPI-Torino-768x524.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.2.1 c: Alluvial fan flooding event occurred in november 1994 in the Nus Village (Aosta Valley, northern  Italy) (Archive CNR IRPI, Torino)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74b3572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74b3572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\"><u>&#8211;\u00a0Ice-jam floods<\/u><\/strong><\/p><p>Floods caused by fast melting of ice\/glacier. This kind of flooding in most cases can be predicted and this allows for organizing and undertaking measures for lowering of the consequences.<br \/>Serious damage is caused by river floods owing to the combination between rising waters and ice movement. The ice movement is usually accompanied with jamming\/filling up of the riverbed with ice or by the accumulation of intra-water ice, forming an icy barrier, which in turn causes an additional increase in the water level and the flooding of new territory upstream. Furthermore, in case of breach of the ice barrier a powerful wave is created that could suddenly flood the territories located downstream.<br \/>The jamming \u00a0of the river by ice occurs most often in rivers flowing from south to north such as the Oder, Wisla, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Yukon and others.<br \/>This is explained by the fact that the southern parts of the river free themselves earlier than the northern sections, in the course of which the moving water, mixed with ice, meets an obstacle of fully frozen sections. Ice barriers can also be created at the beginning of the winter prior to the complete freeze, when there are still sections of the river that are not frozen yet. Sometimes this type of flood can occur in lengthy rivers flowing from west to east e.g., the Danube, and Amur.<br \/>The origination of such floods depends on the climate and the physical condition of the river valleys. The freeze is lesser where the waterside is higher and steeper. The freeze is usually more severe in dams, in engineering equipment, at the turns and bridges and at places where the river has low depth over a long distance.<br \/>For such type of floods, the estimated reaction time is rather short, requiring an obligatory and serious advance preparation. Since the locations of the ice jams will be known in advance thanks to long years of experience, precaution measures can be taken long time before the start of the ice movement in the river.<br \/>The elimination of the ice barriers is done through detonations or by using an ice-breaker, if possible.<\/p><p><u><strong>&#8211;\u00a0Dam-break floods<\/strong><\/u><br \/>They happen very rarely but cause a high number of casualties. The permanent control of the hydro technical installations and organization of the announcement and protection of the threatened population are of great importance.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<br \/>It is worth noting that the big flooding that occurred during the last two decades in most cases are the result of a combination of different kinds of floods, usually among the river flood and other kinds of flood as: provoked by a string wind, intensive and long lasting rainfalls, Monsoon, sea inflows, increase of the level of the underground waters or destruction of the functions of the drainage channels and other.<br \/>The breaking of a dam wall, especially of large dams, is rather rare and can hardly be foreseen. The overflow of water from medium- and small-seized dams is an event occurring more often as well as the breaking of the of land type walls of the small dams.<br \/>The floods caused by break of walls of large dams can be very dangerous since they can affect the life of a lot of people.<br \/>The breaking of a dam wall can occur in the case of a breach in the construction as a result of progressive erosion in the wall, destruction of the embankments \/dikes. A construction breach can also occur in the event of a particularly severe flood. The dam walls are designed to withstand a powerful earthquake, but even so, an earthquake can extremely weaken the wall.\u00a0<br \/>The floods caused by a dam wall break, due to their unexpectedness and high water speed, can inflict casualties and destruction comparable only to a natural disaster. This is the reason why the large dam walls are placed under constant control and surveillance with special equipment installed inside the wall, monitoring for any deviation in the facility\u2019s parameters. Furthermore, the dam walls have inbuilt automated systems for warning the population about danger.<br \/>These are cases of floods at the riverbed after the dam wall which is not broken. Such a flood happened in Italy in 1963 when a huge landslide into Vaiont Dam pushed out the dam water which spilled over the dam wall without breaking it but causing catastrophic flooding in which 3000 people died.<br \/>The local authorities obligatorily have to include all dams in the protection plans.<br \/>In most cases, the smaller dams used for watering and other activities cause major problems. Usually their walls are of land type and require permanent maintenance and control of\u00a0installations. When such walls are poorly maintained, they become very dangerous during intensive\u00a0rainfalls or intensive snow melt. The local authorities have to keep records of such dams, to control permanently and to make organization for risk prevention.<br \/>For more information please click<br \/>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/technological-hazards-dam-failures#faq199\">http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/technological-hazards-dam-failures#faq199<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9855a03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"9855a03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1.1 Overflow from river channel or river floods<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1591\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4163\" class=\"elementor elementor-4163\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5d66a05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5d66a05\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-afbc0a8\" data-id=\"afbc0a8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd5a73c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd5a73c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Of all river floods this is the one that is the most frequent.<\/p><p>The general factors affecting the river floods are: the intensity and the duration of the rainfall, the possibility of rivers and steams to let pass the rising waters, the condition of the land surface \u2013 soil and vegetation, topography and others. The river floods occur at the higher scale of rainfall system, where the permeability capabilities of the multitude of smaller tributaries are gradually filled up and the water peak is usually gradually collected and transported to the larger river.<\/p><p><u>These floods can be divided into two groups, depending on the form of the water-collection area and the length of the river:<\/u><\/p><ul><li>The first group includes floods occurring in lengthy rivers \/Nile, Danube, Euphrates, Mississippi, Rhine, and others.<\/li><li>The second group includes floods occurring in rivers with round shape of the water-collection basin \/Congo\/.<\/li><\/ul><p>The lengthy rivers flow through flat terrain and the water movement speed is low. The same applies for the occurrence of a flood, the water peak is reached very slowly and afterwards it fades down very slowly over the course of few days to few weeks. Usually the reason for the flood is intensive and prolonged rainfalls occurring in other regions, often in other countries. The situation becomes even more complex when the heavy rainfall continues along the river. These floods can be predicted, they are usually of seasonal character and this allows establishing a proper organization to decrease the consequences.<\/p><p>In the case of rivers with round water-collection basin, after heavy rainfall the water peak reaches its highest value quickly and quickly decreases. Such floods usually happen in small and average sized rivers. Usually they are much more destructive because the water moves with higher speed.\u00a0<\/p><p>The above examples refer to smaller rivers with similar characteristics.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1.2 Flash floods<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1592\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4167\" class=\"elementor elementor-4167\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f96e5d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f96e5d4\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fd0620f\" data-id=\"fd0620f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bff0161 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bff0161\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Flash floods are often associated with isolated and localised intense rainfall. But Flash floods may result from the failure of a dam or the sudden breack-up of ice jam. Flash floods in urban areas is\u00a0serios problem too.<\/p><p>The change in the climate has increased the floods of this type. Such floods are harder to predict, they can occur in dry places where there is no running river. Such floods can prove very dangerous since they start suddenly and develop very fast.<\/p><p>In the case of flash floods the reaction is mostly hindered by the very short time between their origination \/continuous heavy rainfall\/ and the reaching of the water peak in short time.<\/p><p>The flash flood is characterized by the fast increase in the water level, the high speed and large quantity of debris in water, giving the flood a high destructive power. The main factors causing the origination of a flash flood are: the intensive and continuous rainfall and the steep water sheds.<\/p><p>In certain regions the flash floods often result from isolated high-speed local rainfalls, rendering the warning and protection of the population a very difficult task. In other regions such floods occur annually in one and the same river, where warning the population is possible, but advance organization is needed, since the reaction time is quite short. Flash\u00a0floods are capable of tearing out trees, undermining buildings and bridges and scouping new chanels.<\/p><p>Mountain torrents occur at intensive rains for long and short time in the mountain areas. This happens because the river bed slop is big, the water runs fast and carry with itself dispersive mass.\u00a0<\/p><p>The improvement of the forecast systems already gives opportunity for announcement and information of the population at the threatened zones in most cases.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1.3  Ground failures floods (Mudflow, Mud-rock flow, Mud stream, Alluvial fan floods. Volcanic ashes and Mudflow).<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1593\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4171\" class=\"elementor elementor-4171\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-58eb8a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"58eb8a6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5727b57\" data-id=\"5727b57\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c5fc15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c5fc15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The above mentioned floods appear mostly at the rivers or dry river valleys they are included in the group of the river flooding.<\/p><p>Alluvial fan floods is a temporary spring formed in the beds of the mountain rivers, characterized in the sharp increase in the water level, which has a high content \/10 to 75%\/ hard particles \/soil products and rock decomposition products \/.<\/p><p>This kind of flood originate as a result of intensive and continuous heavy rainfall, swift melting of the seasonal winter cover or of glaciers, as well as due to the landslide of loose, cracked rock material \/at terrain inclination of no less than 8 \u2013 10%\/.<\/p><p>Depending on the content of the torrent mass we can specify the following torrents: stone-muddy, water-stone and water-gravel. Besides that as a physical phenomenon they can be free or latent. The transporting medium of the free torrents is water with hard admixtures \/Mud-steam\/, and for the latent ones the medium is the soil mixture where the main water mass is connected with finely dispersed particles (Mud-flow, Debris flow) Mud-rock flow and Alluvial fan floods \u2013 the contents of the mass is mostly soil and rocks\/stone \u2013mud\/.<\/p><p>In contrast to the regular flows, flows of the mass by default do not move permanently, but in separate waves \/pushes\/. The volume of the one-time mixture, transported with high velocity, may vary from hundreds of thousands to millions of cubic liters. The front of the moving mixture can have a diameter of 3-4 meters, and mass of 100 \u2013 200 tons. With their large mass and movement speed this mass destroy roads, equipment, agricultural land and others.<\/p><p>The causes for the origination of this kind of flood are mainly the heavy rainfall, the accumulation of masses of crumbly and cracked material, the increase of the intensity of the surface water outflow.<\/p><p>The practice has demonstrated that the centre of this kind of flood\/accumulated soil and rock masses\/ starts to move after overcoming the resistance of the terrain and other obstacles, that are destroyed by the rain waters, and the rock and soil mass finds a way under the form of separate flows, which join the main flow, moving with high velocity.<\/p><p>This kind of flood within the river basin can be local or common. The local torrents originate in the beds of the river tributaries or in separate gullies.<\/p><p>The common torrents pass through the main river bed and most of them have stone-muddy structure. They are particularly dangerous since they often pass through urbanized regions. Their most dangerous characteristics are the suddenness, the straightforwardness of movement and the transportation of large quantities of hard materials, which pile up on, or destroy along their way settlements, roads, railway tracks, engineering equipment and agricultural lands.<\/p><p>The destructive forces of the torrent are defined by the increased capability to transport hard materials, the interruptibility of the movement, the high velocity of up to 15km per hour.<\/p><p>The human activity, related to the intensive use of mountain slopes leads to the increase in the volume and frequency of this type of floods, as well as to the increase in the number of locations they can occur.<\/p><p>Alluvial fan floods. Their name\/fan\/ corresponds to the shape of the spread mass. In substance they are the same as the above described but the solid mass prevails and they are more similar to the landslide.<\/p><p>Alluvial fan floods can\u00a0cause greater damage than\u00a0typical riverine flooding.<\/p><p><u>Volcanic ashes and Mudflows.<\/u>\u00a0They arise as a result of the Pyroclastic flow \u2013 this is a flow of heat gasses over the volcano slopes \/about 1 000 C\/ which quickly melt the snow into worm water running with high speed over the steep volcano slopes and carrying with itself solid materials. This phenomena is extremely dangerous for the people living near by.<br \/><em>For more information please click\u00a0<\/em><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-volcanic-eruptions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>HERE<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1.4 Ice-jam floods<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1594\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4175\" class=\"elementor elementor-4175\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0162135 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0162135\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32fbf4d\" data-id=\"32fbf4d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6daa5a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6daa5a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"tdFaqCond row\"><p>Floods caused by swift melting of ice\/glacier.<\/p><p>Serious damages are caused by river floods caused by the combination between rising waters and ice movement. The ice movement is usually accompanied with jamming\/fill up of the river bed with ice \/ or by the accumulation of intra-water ice, forming an icy barrier, which in turn causes an additional increase in the water level and the flooding of new territory upstream. Furthermore, in case of breach of the ice barrier a powerful wave is created that could flood the suddenly flood territories located downstream.<\/p><p>The jamming \/barring\/ of the river by ice occurs most often in rivers flowing from south to north \/Oder, Wisla, Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Yukon and others\/.<\/p><p>This is explained with the fact that the southern parts of the river free themselves earlier than the northern sections, in the course of which the moving water, mixed with ice, meets an obstacle of fully frozen sections. Ice barriers can also be created at the beginning of the winter prior to the complete freeze, when there are still sections of the river that are not frozen yet. Sometimes this type of flood can occur in lengthy rivers flowing from west to east \/Danube, Amur\/.<\/p><p>The origination of such floods depends on the climate and the physical condition of the river valleys. The freeze is lesser where the waterside is higher and steeper. The freeze is usually more severe in dams, in engineering equipment, at the turns and bridges, at places where the river has low depth over a long distance.<\/p><p>For such type of floods the estimated reaction time is rather short, requiring an obligatory and serious advance preparation. Since the locations of the ice jams will be known in advance thanks to long years of experience, precaution measures can be taken long time before the start of the ice movement in the river.<\/p><p>The elimination of the ice barriers is done through detonations or by using an ice-breaker, if possible.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"row\">\u00a0<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1.5 Dam-break floods<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1595\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1595\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4179\" class=\"elementor elementor-4179\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-683012d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"683012d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ae3291d\" data-id=\"ae3291d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9064961 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9064961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The breaking of a dam wall, especially of large dams, is rather rare and can hardly be foreseen. The overflow of water from medium- and small-seized dams is an event occurring more often as well as the breaking of the of land type walls of the small dams.<\/p><p>The floods caused by break of walls of large dams can be very dangerous since they can affect the life of a lot of people.<\/p><p>The breaking of a dam wall can occur in case of breach in the construction as a result of progressive erosion in the wall, destruction of the embankments \/dikes\/. A construction breach can also occur in the case of a particularly severe flood. The dam walls are designed to withstand a powerful earthquake, but even so the earthquake can extremely weaken the wall.\u00a0<\/p><p>The floods caused by dam wall-break, due to their unexpectedness and high water speed, can inflict casualties and destruction comparable only to a natural disaster. This is the reason why the large dam walls are placed under constant control and surveillance with special equipment installed inside the wall, monitoring for any deviation in the facility\u2019s parameters. Furthermore, the dam walls have automated systems for warning the population of danger.<\/p><p>These are cases of flood at the river bed after the dam wall which is not broken. Such a flood happened in Italy in 1963 when a huge landslide into Vaiont Dam pushed out the dam water which spilled over the dam wall without breaking it but causing catastrophic flooding \/ 3000 people died\/.<\/p><p>The local authorities obligatorily have to include all dams in the protection plans.<\/p><p>In most cases the smaller dams used for watering and other activities cause big problems. Usually their walls are of land type and require permanent maintenance and control of\u00a0installation. When such walls are maintained badly they become very dangerous at intensive\u00a0rainfalls or intensive snow melt. The local authorities have to keep records of such dams, to control permanently and to make organization for risk prevention.<br \/><em>For more information please click\u00a0<\/em><strong><em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/technological-hazards-dam-failures\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HERE<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.2 Alluvioni (Inondazioni) costiere<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1372\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4183\" class=\"elementor elementor-4183\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-039b04f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"039b04f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-241651d\" data-id=\"241651d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-956fde9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"956fde9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>The following are the most important types of coastal floods:<\/strong><br \/><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<u>Storm Surge Floods<\/u>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><br \/>Often the hurricanes or the storm are in the sea. As a result, large waves are formed battering the coast and causing floods.<br \/>Storm surges commonly occur with coastal storms caused by massive low-pressure systems with cyclonic flows that\u00a0are typical of tropical cyclones and severe winterstorms.<br \/>Factors influencing Storm surge intensity are: wind velosity, storm surge height, coastal shape, nature of\u00a0coast and human activity.<br \/>Storm surges are controlled by four factors:<br \/>&#8211;\u00a0The more intense storms\u00a0have higher wind speeds which drive greater amounts\u00a0of water across the shallow continental shelf, thereby increasing the volume\u00a0and elevation of water pushed up against the coast. In areas with mild slopes and shallow depths, the resulting flooding can reach great heights.<br \/>&#8211; The low barometric pressure experienced during coastal storms can cause the water surface\u00a0to rise, increasing the height of storm surges.<br \/>&#8211; Storms landfalling during peak astronomical tides\u00a0have higher surge heights.<br \/>&#8211; Coastal shoreline configurations with concave features or narrowing bays create a resonance within the area as a result of the winds forcing in water, elevating the surface\u00a0of the water higher than experienced along adjacent\u00a0areas of open coast.<br \/><br \/><br \/><em>For more information please click<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-hurricanes-and-storms-surges#faq315\">http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-hurricanes-and-storms-surges#faq315<\/a><br \/>\u00a0<br \/><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<u>Estuarine floods<\/u>\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>They are floods caused by the combination of strong winds and high tide.\u00a0<br \/>This type of floods is typical for the Tropical and Equatorial belts and especially for islands e.g. Filipinas. With the change in climate they start manifesting themselves with increased intensity. Such floods in combination with other kind of floods like river ones can affect large areas within a short space of time.<br \/><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>Floods caused by powerful pressing<u>\u00a0wind<\/u>\u00a0at the mouth of rivers, as a result of which water is retained in the river and the river water level rises.<br \/><strong>&#8211;\u00a0<\/strong>Floods resulting from tsunamis which are large\u00a0seismic sea waves, impulsively generated by shallow &#8211; focus or high magnitude earthquakes which can cause disastrous flloding in coastal areas<strong>\u00a0(<\/strong><strong>Fig.2.2 a).<\/strong><br \/><em>For more information please follow the link.<\/em><br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-tsunami#faq105\">http:\/\/www.besafenet.net\/en-gb\/natural-hazards-tsunami#faq105<\/a>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0227c85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0227c85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_2-Fukushima-Tsunami.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4186\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_2-Fukushima-Tsunami.jpg 600w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_2_2-Fukushima-Tsunami-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.2.2.  Coastal flood triggered by Fukushima (Japan)  quake M = 9.0 on 11 March 2011<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-acb0eec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"acb0eec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Given that\u00a0Coastal floods\u00a0happen continuously in one and same region for most cases, they can be predicted precisely.<\/span><\/p><p>Usually the coastal floods are a combination of some of the above-mentioned floods including the river floods.<br \/>It is obligatory to elaborate and implement proper national and regional policies as well as national and regional plans to reduce the losses caused by floods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2293\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2293\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. Quali sono le cause delle alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2293\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2293\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8410\" class=\"elementor elementor-8410 elementor-4192\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eccbe63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eccbe63\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0307701\" data-id=\"0307701\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef2e50c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef2e50c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le ragioni principali sono l\u2019innalzamento del livello dell\u2019acqua oltre il normale livello o l\u2019interruzione del normale flusso delle acque. Decisivi, per l\u2019ordine di grandezza degli effetti, sono la velocit\u00e0 di flusso dell\u2019acqua ed il tempo impiegato da questa per raggiungere un determinato oggetto.<\/p>\n<p>Le cause che portano il livello delle acque ad oltrepassare il livello normale sono le seguenti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Precipitazioni intense o prolungate o rapida fusione di neve o di ghiaccio (dai ghiacciai)\n<ul>\n<li>possono causare alluvioni lungo i corsi d\u2019acqua, nelle basse pianure, possono cambiare i livelli d\u2019acqua dei laghi ecc.;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Venti forti\n<ul>\n<li>sono la causa delle alluvioni costiere e di quelle in corrispondenza dei delta fluviali; sono particolarmente pericolosi quando si combinano con le alte maree (come avviene nelle Filippine). Causa dei forti venti sono le tempeste marine, gli uragani, i monsoni ecc.;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Ostruzione dell\u2019alveo fluviale\n<ul>\n<li>a causa dell\u2019eccesso di vegetazione in alveo, dello sbarramento del fiume da parte di masse di ghiaccio, di frane ecc.;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Distruzione o malfunzionamento di strutture idrauliche\n<ul>\n<li>dighe, argini, tubi drenanti ecc.;<\/li>\n<li>Rotture arginali per: erosione, alterazioni prodotte dalla fauna selvatica, alterazioni prodotte dalla vegetazione selvatica,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Terremoti sottomarini (vulcani sottomarini od insulari)\n<ul>\n<li>danno origine ad onde di maremoto (tsunami) che rappresentano la principale causa di alluvioni catastrofiche;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>I cambiamenti climatici\n<ul>\n<li>rappresentano una causa dell\u2019incremento dell\u2019intensit\u00e0 e delle conseguenze negative delle alluvioni; favoriscono la combinazione di pi\u00f9 cause responsabili delle alluvioni, amplificando i danni conseguenti;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Le azioni antropiche\n<ul>\n<li>possono rappresentare un fattore di amplificazione dei danni da alluvione. La deforestazione, la modifica del corso dei fiumi (es. tagli di meandri) che causano dinamiche idrauliche pi\u00f9 intense, la costruzione di opere in aree soggette ad alluvioni, la cattiva manutenzione delle installazioni idrauliche contribuiscono ad amplificare gli effetti delle alluvioni.\u00a0 Cambiamento dell&#8217;uso del suolo (comprese le questioni urbane, industriali, agricole, forestali e della fauna selvatica).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a856d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7a856d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"729\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_3_FotoaereaRotta19thJanuary2014-1024x729.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4197\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_3_FotoaereaRotta19thJanuary2014-1024x729.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_3_FotoaereaRotta19thJanuary2014-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_3_FotoaereaRotta19thJanuary2014-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_3_FotoaereaRotta19thJanuary2014.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 3 Immagine aerea, realizzata dalla Protezione Civile, del territorio allagato dopo la rottura dell&#8217;argine del fiume Secchia (visibile nella parte SW dell&#8217;Immagine) a Nord di Modena (Pianura Padana, Nord Italia) il 19 gennaio 2014. I meccanismi idraulici e geotecnici sono stati innescati lungo i fiumi Secchia e Panaro dalle attivit\u00e0 di scavo degli animali che hanno portato a cedimenti degli argini. (Orlandini et al., 2015),.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2294\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2294\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. Dove avvengono le alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2294\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2294\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8412\" class=\"elementor elementor-8412 elementor-4203\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3a5a15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3a5a15\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b8deaa\" data-id=\"5b8deaa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c03ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c03ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Solitamente le alluvioni avvengono lungo il corso dei fiumi, lungo le coste, in prossimit\u00e0 di laghi e dighe. Alluvioni improvvise possono avere luogo praticamente ovunque.<\/p><p>Nel mondo:<\/p><p>Le alluvioni possono avere luogo ovunque nel mondo. Solitamente si mantiene traccia di quelle alluvioni che hanno minacciato la vita di molte persone. Ad esempio, le grandi alluvioni lungo i fiumi dell\u2019Asia settentrionale e dell\u2019America settentrionale\/Alaska, che interessano vasti territori, ma che non producono perdite in termini di vite umane, vengono solo riportati a titolo di informazione.<\/p><p>Alla fine del XX secolo, le alluvioni pi\u00f9 grandi, che hanno causato la perdita di molte vite umane, hanno solitamente interessato i paesi delle fasce tropicale ed equatoriale, nelle valli dei grandi fiumi, od i paesi che si affacciano sulle coste dei mari e degli oceani e, solo raramente, i paesi della fascia temperata.<\/p><p>Come conseguenza dei cambiamenti climatici, specialmente durante l&#8217;ultimo decennio del XXI secolo, il numero delle grandi alluvioni \u00e8 aumentato nella fascia temperata (In Europa: Germania, Francia, Polonia, Serbia, Repubblica Ceca, Ungheria e altre)(Vedere Tab. 4). L\u2019intensit\u00e0, la frequenza e gli effetti negativi delle alluvioni sono invece aumentati nei paesi delle fasce tropicale ed equatoriale, colpiti in maniera significativa e costante nei loro territori interni (Pakistan, Tailandia, Filippine, Indonesia ecc.).<\/p><p>I cambiamenti climatici hanno favorito la combinazione di diversi fattori causa di alluvioni: forti venti di uragano, piogge continue ed intense, alti livelli di marea, alluvioni improvvise e non previste, alte maree ecc., in diversi paesi (Filippine, Indonesia, Pakistan, Tailandia, Bangladesh, India, Giappone, Bolivia, Argentina, Equador).<\/p><p>Nei paesi della fascia temperata, le cause principali delle alluvioni sono rappresentate molto spesso dai cicloni e da forti venti paragonabili a quelli di un uragano ecc., che, in passato, avvenivano solo eccezionalmente.<\/p><p>A scala regionale:<\/p><p>Le piogge monsoniche rappresentano una causa di catastrofiche alluvioni stagionali che, in combinazione con altre pericolosit\u00e0, come le frane determinano ogni anno numerose vittime. Ad es..negli ultimi 5 anni ci sono state: 60 vittime in India in 2015, circa 500 vittime in India, 57 in Bangladesh e 30 in Nepal nel\u00a0 2017, oltre 350 vittime in India settentironale nel 2018, circa 200 vittime\u00a0 n India, 27 in Pakistan, e un centinaio in Bangladesh e Nepal inel 2019 e, sino alla met\u00e0 di luglio 220, le inondazioni monsoniche e le frane avevano gi\u00e0 ucciso 221 persone in India, Nepal e Bangladesh (Fig. 4).<\/p><p>A scala locale:<\/p><p>A scala locale, le alluvioni pi\u00f9 pericolose per le vite umane avvengono laddove le attivit\u00e0 antropiche vengono intraprese senza alcuna pianificazione o controllo. I media ci mostrano costantemente situazioni di acque che fluiscono all\u2019interno dei centri urbani a causa di una impropria ed incontrollata pianificazione urbanistica; ci forniscono continuamente immagini di vaste aree alluvionate a causa dell\u2019incapacit\u00e0 di costruire o mantenere in buono stato le reti idrauliche.<\/p><p>Le alluvioni che affliggono le zone abitate sono spesso dovute ad una mancata manutenzione del sistema di drenaggio, ad un aumento del carico urbanistico e ad una conseguente inofficiosit\u00e0 del reticolo di drenaggio esistente.<\/p><p>Le alluvioni hanno luogo laddove le autorit\u00e0 locali non riescono a rispettare i loro obblighi in termini di: costruzione, manutenzione degli impianti idraulici, pulizia degli alvei, manutenzione del drenaggio in prossimit\u00e0 dei nuclei abitati ecc.<\/p><p>Tab. 4. Lista di alcune delle principali alluvioni avvenute in\u00a0 Europa nel decennio 2010-2020<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"table-responsive\"><table class=\"table table-striped\"><thead><tr><th>Year<\/th><th>River basins<\/th><th>Countries affected<\/th><th>Type<\/th><th>Causes<\/th><th>Fatalities<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Vistula<\/td><td>Poland<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Danube<\/td><td>Slovakia, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Germany, Poland, Czech Republic<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Sava<\/td><td>Slovenia<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>3<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Var<\/td><td>France<\/td><td>Flash flood<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2010<\/td><td>Drin<\/td><td>Albania<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2011<\/td><td>Rhine, Oder<\/td><td>Germany<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall, snow melting<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2011<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Ireland, Italy, France<\/td><td>Flash floods<\/td><td>Intense rainfalls<\/td><td>2 Ireland. 6 Italy, 6 France<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2011<\/td><td>Cyclone Berit<\/td><td>England<\/td><td><p>Storm<\/p><p>surge<\/p><\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2011<\/td><td>Ebro<\/td><td>Spain<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>2<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2012<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Russian Federation<\/td><td>Flash floods<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>172<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2012<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>United Kingdom<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>9<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2013<\/td><td>Elbe, Danube, Vltava<\/td><td>Germany, Czech Republic, Austria<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>25<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2013<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Sardinia<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>18<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2014<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina, Serbia<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>86<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2014<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Bulgaria<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>16<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Moldova, Romania<\/td><td>Riverine<\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td>20<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2016<\/td><td>Vardar<\/td><td>Republic of North Macedonia<\/td><td>Flash fllod<\/td><td>Rainstorm<\/td><td>21<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2018<\/td><td>Several rivers<\/td><td>Spain, France, Italy<\/td><td><p>Riverine<\/p><p>Flash floods<\/p><\/td><td>Intense rainfall<\/td><td><p>13 Spain<\/p><p>16France<\/p><p>36 Italy<\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2020<\/td><td>Storm Gloria<\/td><td>Spain, France<\/td><td>Storm surge<\/td><td>Riverine floodings\u00a0 associate to storm<\/td><td>13<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2020<\/td><td>\u00a0<\/td><td>Island of Evia, Greece<\/td><td>Flash flood<\/td><td>High winds Intense rainfall<\/td><td>7<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8f1a0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8f1a0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_4_MonsoonFloodsLandslides2020-1024x722.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4209\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_4_MonsoonFloodsLandslides2020-1024x722.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_4_MonsoonFloodsLandslides2020-300x212.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_4_MonsoonFloodsLandslides2020-768x541.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_4_MonsoonFloodsLandslides2020.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.4. Notizia Abc sulle persone uccise dalle inondazioni monsoniche e dalle frane al 17 luglio 2020 in India, Nepal e Bangladesh. (source: https:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2020-07-17\/monsoon-floods-landslides-kills-221-india-nepal-bangladesh\/12467954 )<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad94d8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"ad94d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 What were the largest floods in the world?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4216\" class=\"elementor elementor-4216\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cce1904 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cce1904\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-45fb43d\" data-id=\"45fb43d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1efa9f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1efa9f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\tSome of the biggest world floods of the last decade of the past century and the first decade of the present century are shown at the table below.\n\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-striped text-center table-align-middle\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Continent Country<\/th>\n<th>River Lake Sea<\/th>\n<th>Year<\/th>\n<th>Type of flood<\/th>\n<th>Causes<\/th>\n<th>Injured territory<\/th>\n<th>Injured population<\/th>\n<th>Victims<\/th>\n<th>Economic losses<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"9\">ASIA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Thailand<\/th>\n<td>South China Sea<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Combination &#8211; Riverine and Costal Floods<\/td>\n<td>Intensive and long Monsoon rainfalls after 3 Hurricanes<\/td>\n<td>300 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>11 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>600 p.<\/td>\n<td>16 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Pakistan<\/th>\n<td>Indi<\/td>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Combination &#8211; Riverine, Local drainage and high groundwater levels<\/td>\n<td>Monsoon rainfall with Change model<\/td>\n<td>350 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>13,8 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>1500 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Philippines<\/th>\n<td>Island<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Combination of floods<\/td>\n<td>Hard and long Tropic cyclone. Sea tide<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>300 000 p.<\/td>\n<td>1000 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Bangladesh<\/th>\n<td>Gang\nBrahmaputra<\/td>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Combination &#8211; Riverine and Costal Floods<\/td>\n<td>Combination \u2013 Monsoons and Tropic Cyclone<\/td>\n<td>100 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>70 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>1300 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Bangladesh\nIndia\nNepal<\/th>\n<td>Gang<\/td>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Combination &#8211; Riverine Flooding Costal floods<\/td>\n<td>Intensive Monsoons Rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>6 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>3084 p.<\/td>\n<td>8,5 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"5\">China<\/th>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Yangtze<\/td>\n<td>1998<\/td>\n<td>Riverine flood<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>180 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>3656 p.<\/td>\n<td>31 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>11 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>8 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>24 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>South East China<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Combination Riverine floods Several Mud flows<\/td>\n<td>Intensive and very long rainfall<\/td>\n<td>12 Provinces<\/td>\n<td>5 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>355 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Japan<\/th>\n<td>Pacific Ocean<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Coastal Flooding<\/td>\n<td>Tsunami (Earthquake &#8211; 8,9 Richter)<\/td>\n<td>400 km Sea Cost<\/td>\n<td>5 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>15781 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">India<\/th>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Several rivers<\/td>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Rivering flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive and long Monsoon Rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>700 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Rivering flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive early Monsoon Rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>1,2 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>150 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Rivering flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive Monsoon Rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>335 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>North Korea<\/th>\n<td>Taedong River<\/td>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td>Rivering flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall<\/td>\n<td>Secondary effect-hunger 300 000 homelles<\/td>\n<td>2 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>800 p.<\/td>\n<td>15 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Indonesia<\/th>\n<td>India Ocean<\/td>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>Tsunami wave<\/td>\n<td>Earthquake(9,0-9,3) near to island Sumatra<\/td>\n<td>15 countries<\/td>\n<td>1.7 Millions p.<\/td>\n<td>283 000p. (9000 tourists) 14100 p. &#8211; disappear<\/td>\n<td>16 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"9\">NORTH AMERICA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"4\">USA<\/th>\n<td>Mississippi<\/td>\n<td>1993<\/td>\n<td>Riverine flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall<\/td>\n<td>9 states<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>50 p.<\/td>\n<td>21 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Texas<\/td>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Flash flooding, Tropic Storm \u201dAllison\u201d<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>23 p.<\/td>\n<td>6 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>New Orleans<\/td>\n<td>2005<\/td>\n<td>Combination Revering floods<\/td>\n<td>Hurricane \u201cKatrina\u201d<\/td>\n<td>233 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>1836 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>West Virginia<\/td>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>Dam break of coal mine<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>125 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"9\">SOUTH AMERICA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Argentina\nEcuador\nBolivia<\/th>\n<td>Several rivers<\/td>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<td>Riverine floods<\/td>\n<td>Intensive and long rainfall \u2013 El Nino<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>150 000 p.<\/td>\n<td>50 p.<\/td>\n<td>16 Milliards $<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Brasil<\/th>\n<td>Several rivers<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Riverine flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>35 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Venezuela<\/th>\n<td>Rio San Julian<\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Alluvial fan flood<\/td>\n<td>Rainfall storm<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>19 000 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"9\">AFRICA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Mozambique<\/th>\n<td>Limpopo river<\/td>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Riverine Flooding<\/td>\n<td>Torrential rain<\/td>\n<td>1400 km2<\/td>\n<td>800 000 p.<\/td>\n<td>800 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>The Republic of South Africa<\/th>\n<td>Orange river<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Riverine flooding<\/td>\n<td>El Ni\u00f1o<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>100 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Algeria<\/th>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>Flash Flood, Alluvial fan flood<\/td>\n<td>Torrential rain<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>827 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>AUSTRALIA<\/th>\n<td>Quenensland\nFloods\n\nFitzroy\n\nBurnett\n\nCoudamine\n\nBallone\n\nMary<\/td>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<td>Riverine and Costal flooding<\/td>\n<td>Intensive rainfall and strong wind<\/td>\n<td>800 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>200 000 p.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.2 What were the largest floods in Europe?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4230\" class=\"elementor elementor-4230\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5251984 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5251984\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fbafc4\" data-id=\"1fbafc4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07ef457 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"07ef457\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\tSome of the biggest European\u00a0 floods of the last decade of the past century and the first decade of the present century are shown at the table below.\n\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n\t<table class=\"table table-striped text-center table-align-middle\">\n\t\t<thead>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tContinent Country\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tRiver Lake Sea\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tYear\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tType of flood\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tCauses\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tInjured territory\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tInjured population\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tVictims\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<th>\n\t\t\t\t\tEconomic losses\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t<\/thead>\n\t\t<tbody>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th colspan=\"9\">\n\t\t\t\t\tEUROPE\n\t\t\t\t<\/th>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th>Germany<br\/>Poland<br\/>Czech<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Oder<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>1997<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>115 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>6 Milliards $<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th>Poland<br\/>Czech<br\/>Hungary<br\/>Slovakia<br\/>Servia<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Visla<br\/>Valtava<br\/>Danube<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2010<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>80 000 km<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>3 Millions p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>9 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th>Germany<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Rein<br\/>Oder<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2011<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<br\/>Melt of snow<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th>Germany<br\/>Poland<br\/>Czech<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Several Rivers<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2010<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>6 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t<\/tr>\n\t\t\t<tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th rowspan=\"3\">England<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Several Rivers<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>1998<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>5 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>3 Milliards $<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>2009<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<br\/>Strong Wind<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>9 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>2011<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th rowspan=\"3\">France<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Several Rivers<br\/>South France<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2010<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>25 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>Mallpas-et Dam<\/td>\n                <td>2011<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>3 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>Several rivers<\/td>\n                <td>1959<\/td>\n                <td>Dam-break flood<\/td>\n                <td>Dam break<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>421 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th rowspan=\"4\">Italy<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2000<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>5 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>8,5 Milliards $<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>Vaiont Dam<\/td>\n                <td>2004<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>9 p.<\/td>\n                <td>9,3 Milliards $<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td rowspan=\"2\">Ebro<\/td>\n                <td>2011<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>6 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>1963<\/td>\n                <td>Devastating flood<\/td>\n                <td>Landslide<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>3000 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n\t\t\t\t<th rowspan=\"2\">Spain<\/th>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>2010<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Riverine<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>3 p.<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n            <tr>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>2011<\/td>\n                <td>Riverine<\/td>\n                <td>Intense rainfall<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n\t\t\t\t<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n                <td>2 p.<\/td>\n                <td>&#8211;<\/td>\n            <\/tr>\n\t\t<\/tbody>\n\t<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2295\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2295\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. Quali sono le conseguenze delle alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2295\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2295\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8414\" class=\"elementor elementor-8414 elementor-4235\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-da74d52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"da74d52\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a08c290\" data-id=\"a08c290\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-477955e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"477955e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le conseguenze delle alluvioni si possono stimare attraverso:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Il numero di vittime;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019entit\u00e0 delle perdite sociali ed economiche;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019estensione dell\u2019area colpita;<\/li>\n<li>Il livello di contaminazione ambientale;<\/li>\n<li>Il grado di distruzione del patrimonio culturale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Le tipiche conseguenze delle alluvioni possono essere primarie e secondarie.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Le conseguenze primarie comprendono:\n<ul>\n<li>Danni o distruzione fisica parziale\/totale di ponti, macchine, edifici, case, reti di comunicazione, sistemi fognari, sistema stradale e di tutti gli elementi strutturali pi\u00f9 importanti;<\/li>\n<li>Vittime: persone o animali annegati, considerando anche le eventuali epidemie e malattie derivanti;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Le conseguenze secondarie comprendono:\n<ul>\n<li>Maggiori difficolt\u00e0 nel reperire risorse idriche: contaminazione dell\u2019acqua in seguito a scarsa dispinibilit\u00e0 di acqua potabile;<\/li>\n<li>Proliferazione di malattie: condizioni di vita non igieniche. Le malattie si diffondono attraverso l\u2019acqua;<\/li>\n<li>Maggiori difficolt\u00e0 nel reperire cibo: il cibo scarseggia. Interi raccolti possono andare distrutti.<\/li>\n<li>Vegetazione: molte specie possono morire;<\/li>\n<li>Le conseguenze dell\u2019alluvione possono persistere per lungo tempo;<\/li>\n<li>Il temporaneo declino del turismo pu\u00f2 inasprire la situazione economica, aumento del prezzo del cibo e dei costi della ricostruzione.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Benefici derivanti dalle alluvioni: le alluvioni possono avere numerose conseguenze negative, ma possono anche rendere pi\u00f9 fertile il suolo, arricchendolo di numerose sostanze nutrienti. Ad esempio, gi\u00e0 dal quinto secolo a.C., l&#8217;importanza del fiume Nilo era nota in quanto svolgeva un ruolo economico fondamentale per il popolo egiziano, rendendo fertili terre aride e desertiche. Ogni anno, in estate, il fiume inondava i territori limitrofi; le acque si ritiravano nel letto del fiume in autunno, lasciando uno strato di fango (limo) estremamente fertile sui campi.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a436065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a436065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"622\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_5_DamageFlashFloodEviaIsland--1024x622.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4240\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_5_DamageFlashFloodEviaIsland--1024x622.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_5_DamageFlashFloodEviaIsland--300x182.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_5_DamageFlashFloodEviaIsland--768x467.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_5_DamageFlashFloodEviaIsland-.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.5 &#8211; Danni dovuti all&#8217;alluvione improvvisa avvenuta il 9 agosto 2020 presso il villaggio di Politika, sull&#8217;isola greca di Evia (Agence France Presse)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2296\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2296\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. I comportamenti umani possono influenzare le cause delle alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2296\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2296\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8416\" class=\"elementor elementor-8416 elementor-4246\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2c526db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2c526db\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-330228a\" data-id=\"330228a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f96a62f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f96a62f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le alluvioni sono un fenomeno naturale che non \u00e8 possibile evitare. Le cause delle alluvioni sono complesse, ed oltre a quelle naturali (es. intense precipitazioni, fusione della neve, etc..) ne esiste una molto importante, rappresentata dalle attivit\u00e0 improprie dell\u2019uomo.<\/p>\n<p>Alcune delle attivit\u00e0 antropiche che possono influenzare le cause delle alluvioni sono:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>La riduzione della naturale capacit\u00e0 del suolo di drenare l\u2019acqua, causata dallo sfruttamento del terreno (antropizzazione) e dal disboscamento, che amplifica la velocit\u00e0 di flusso delle acque (Fig. 6);<\/li>\n<li>Le modifiche della morfologia fluviale;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019edificazione di aree soggette alle alluvioni;<\/li>\n<li>I cambiamenti climatici, principalmente causati dalle attivit\u00e0 antropiche, contribuiscono ad accrescere la probabilit\u00e0 di alluvioni e dei relativi effetti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019attivit\u00e0 antropica rappresenta, in molti casi, la causa delle alluvioni. Le modifiche del suolo e dei corsi d\u2019acqua, la cattiva manutenzione delle strutture idrauliche, la mancanza di pulizia degli alvei, sono tutti elementi che accrescono la probabilit\u00e0 che si verifichino delle alluvioni.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fbf021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2fbf021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"561\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_6_UrbanFloodQualsoUd200619-1024x561.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_6_UrbanFloodQualsoUd200619-1024x561.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_6_UrbanFloodQualsoUd200619-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_6_UrbanFloodQualsoUd200619-768x420.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_6_UrbanFloodQualsoUd200619.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 6. Paese di Qualso (Udine, Nord Italia).Immagine dell&#8217;alluvione urbana verificatasi il 18 giugno 2020, dopo intense precipitazioni, a causa della riduzione della capacit\u00e0 naturale del suolo di trattenere l&#8217;acqua (da un video di C. De Pelseneer)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2297\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2297\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. Le conseguenze delle alluvioni possono essere influenzate dal comportamento umano?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2297\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2297\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8418\" class=\"elementor elementor-8418 elementor-4257\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-607fa87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"607fa87\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b43bba\" data-id=\"3b43bba\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94ea7fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94ea7fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le conseguenze delle alluvioni, sono fortemente influenzate dai comportamenti umani.<\/p>\n<p>Da un lato, molti comportamenti umani amplificano le conseguenze delle alluvioni; dall\u2019altro, molti altri comportamenti riescono a smorzarle.<\/p>\n<p>Nell\u2019elenco delle azioni che possono amplificare le conseguenze delle alluvioni si possono citare:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>L\u2019espansione dei centri abitati e delle aree produttive nelle zone alluvionabili ed in altre zone a rischio cio\u00e8 l&#8217;urbanizzazione in zone a rischio alluvioni (Fig..\u00a02.1 c, e Fig. 10).<\/li>\n<li>La deforestazione e la distruzione della vegetazione amplificano fortemente le conseguenze delle alluvioni.<\/li>\n<li>La distruzione delle aree d\u2019espansione naturale dei corsi d\u2019acqua.<\/li>\n<li>La cattiva manutenzione delle reti idrauliche e la mancanza di controlli sulle stesse.<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019assenza di manutenzione del reticolo di drenaggio in aree urbanizzate.<\/li>\n<li>La modifica del corso dei fiumi Per esempio nel settore di pianura a Nord di Modena la lunghezza dei fiumi Panaro e Secchia\u00a0 \u00e8 stata ridotta di circa il 12% del percorso in seguito a tagli di meandri realizzati sin dal 19\u00b0 secolo per ridurre il pericolo di esondazioni. In questo modo i fiumi\u00a0 hanno assunto in lunghi tratti l&#8217;aspetto di corsi d&#8217;acqua artificiali. Poich\u00e9 i tagli di meandro non hanno ridotto tale pericolo, sono state costruite delle casse di espansione a Est e a Ovest di Modena (Fig. 9). La morfologia e l&#8217;evoluzione del fiumi . Panaro e Secchia sono stati cos\u00ec condizionati direttamente ed indirettamente da interventi antropici degli ultimi due secoli simili a quanto registrato in altri fiumi italiani.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Gli impatti sull\u2019ambiente, causati dai cambiamenti climatici, influenzano direttamente le conseguenze delle alluvioni, poich\u00e9 ne possono accrescere l\u2019intensit\u00e0 e, in certi casi, possono ostacolarne la previsione.<\/p>\n<p>Nell\u2019elenco delle azioni che possono mitigare le conseguenze delle alluvioni si possono citare:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lo sviluppo e l\u2019implementazione delle politiche nazionali di contrasto alle catastrofi;<\/li>\n<li>La realizzazione di misure di protezione;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019organizzazione di sistemi d\u2019allerta per le popolazioni a rischio alluvioni;<\/li>\n<li>Lo sviluppo e l\u2019implementazione di piani di protezione;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019implementazione di strumenti di formazione relativi alla prevenzione del rischio, in aree soggette ad alluvioni;<\/li>\n<li>Il miglioramento dei sistemi di previsione;<\/li>\n<li>L\u2019attuazione di un controllo permanente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-470d752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"470d752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"729\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio-729x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4262\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio-729x1024.jpg 729w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio-768x1078.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio-1094x1536.jpg 1094w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_7_TagliPanaroS_Ambrogio.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 729px) 100vw, 729px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 7. Tagli artificiali di meandro eseguiti sul fiume Panaro a Est di Modena. Confronto tra la Mappa IGM del 1935 (in alto) in cui si osserva il percorso tortuoso e l&#8217;immagine di Google Earth del 2019 (in basso) in cui si riconoscono i meandri tagliati.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2298\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2298\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. Si possono prevedere le alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2298\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2298\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8420\" class=\"elementor elementor-8420 elementor-4268\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8ca6e1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8ca6e1c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d0414e1\" data-id=\"d0414e1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d19c110 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d19c110\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le alluvioni possono essere previste con buon successo grazie alle attuali tecnologie e sistemi di comunicazione e grazie all\u2019enorme database statistico disponibile. Ci\u00f2 rende possibile prevedere, con anticipo, il momento, la natura e la scala dell\u2019alluvione.<\/p>\n<p>Le condizioni meteorologiche vengono monitorate, a scala globale, attraverso i satelliti meteorologici. Le informazioni relative ad eventi calamitosi vengono gestite dai calcolatori e lo sviluppo della situazione viene previsto sulla base di modelli. Le informazioni che si ottengono, confrontate con quelle provenienti dai servizi idro-meteorologici nazionali, permettono di effettuare una previsione delle alluvioni. Comunque \u00e8 da tener presente che le previsioni meteo, da cui dipendono le previsioni delle alluvioni, indicano solo la probabilit\u00e0 di precipitazioni in un\u2019area vasta, non la certezza che si verifichino in una localit\u00e0 ben determinata<\/p>\n<p>Per quanto riguarda le alluvioni fluviali, pi\u00f9 grande \u00e8 il corso d\u2019acqua, pi\u00f9 aumenta la capacit\u00e0 di previsione. L\u2019innalzamento del livello delle acque in un fiume di grandi dimensioni \u2013 come il Danubio, Il Volga, il Reno, il Dnepr \u2013 \u00e8 infatti un fenomeno che avviene lentamente, da diverse ore a pi\u00f9 giorni. Ci\u00f2 consente un monitoraggio costante e soprattutto azioni di prevenzione. Al contrario, il livello delle acque di piccoli fiumi o torrenti pu\u00f2 crescere molto rapidamente, lasciando tempi di intervento ridotti. In questi casi \u2013non sempre \u00e8 possibile prevedere eventuali allagamenti, tanto meno quando e dove si verificheranno<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019entit\u00e0 delle alluvioni causate dall\u2019aumento delle portate delle sorgenti pu\u00f2 essere prevista anche pi\u00f9 di un mese prima del loro verificarsi, analizzando lo spessore del manto nevoso, l\u2019umidit\u00e0 del suolo, la temperatura ed altri parametri.<\/p>\n<p>Le alluvioni causate da forti venti di tempesta possono essere previste da 1-2 ore a 1-2 giorni prima del loro verificarsi.<\/p>\n<p>La previsione di un\u2019alluvione causata da un maremoto si basa sulla tempestiva valutazione dell&#8217;ubicazione dell\u2019epicentro e\u00a0 della magnitudo del terremoto, da cui \u00e8 poi possibile, attraverso l\u2019utilizzo di un modello, prevederne l\u2019arrivo ed allertare le popolazioni a rischio.<\/p>\n<p>Quando si opera una previsione, occorre considerare, per ogni area, il regime naturale dei corsi d\u2019acqua, influenzato dalla presenza di argini, briglie, chiuse, canali ecc.<\/p>\n<p>Le moderne tecnologie permettono di prevedere in modo corretto le condizioni meteorologiche e, insieme ai risultati provenienti dai servizi idro-meteorologici nazionali, permettono di prevedere l\u2019origine e lo sviluppo delle alluvioni. Queste possibilit\u00e0 permettono di allontanare la sorpresa ed il panico e di pianificare in modo pi\u00f9 efficiente attivit\u00e0 di protezione civile per le popolazioni e, laddove necessario, attivit\u00e0 di salvataggio.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec336f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ec336f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"740\" height=\"991\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_8_FloodCaution.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4273\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_8_FloodCaution.jpg 740w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_8_FloodCaution-224x300.jpg 224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2299\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2299\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. Si possono prevenire le alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2299\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2299\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8422\" class=\"elementor elementor-8422 elementor-4279\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b3176f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b3176f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ceb32d\" data-id=\"1ceb32d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e22be9e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e22be9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Esistono diversi modi di prevenire le alluvioni che, se realizzati in modo integrato, possono ridurne Il loro accadimento.<\/p>\n<p><u>La prevenzione delle alluvioni pu\u00f2 essere implementata alle seguenti scale:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Globale \u2013 attraverso la salvaguardia dell\u2019ambiente, il contrasto ai cambiamenti climatici e attraverso lo sviluppo di sistemi di previsione;<\/li>\n<li>Regionale &#8211; attraverso la creazione di sistemi di prevenzione, di previsione e di allerta, come quello implementato dopo lo tsunami nell\u2019Oceano Indiano nel dicembre 2004. Lo tsunami fu innescato da un terremoto sottomarino (M = 9.1) che ha colpito l&#8217;isola indonesiana di Sumatra uccidendo almeno 225.000 persone in una dozzina di paesi;<\/li>\n<li>Nazionale \u2013 attraverso la creazione e l\u2019implementazione di una politica nazionale per combattere le catastrofi naturali e, in particolare, le alluvioni;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Locale \u2013 attraverso l\u2019implementazione di un complesso di misure \u2013 sviluppo e mantenimento dei piani di protezione, controllo ed attivit\u00e0 che possano contribuire alla previsione delle alluvioni ed alla riduzione delle loro conseguenze, costruzione e manutenzione di strutture idrauliche ecc.; per quanto riguarda le strutture idrauliche, ad esempio, nell&#8217;Appennino settentrionale e centrale (Italia), da alcuni decenni sono stati costruiti dispositivi di regolazione del flusso d&#8217;acqua in aree adiacenti ai corsi di alcuni fiumi (Parma, Enza, Secchia, Panaro, Arno, Tevere e altri &#8230;) al fine di controllare il rischio idrologico delle piene fluviali. Tali strutture (chiamate &#8220;Casse di espansione&#8221; o &#8220;Casse di laminazione&#8221;) sono costituite principalmente da una diga di regolazione realizzata attraverso l&#8217;alveo e da un bacino di stoccaggio delimitato da argini. La loro funzione pi\u00f9 importante \u00e8 quella di ridurre il picco di piena, cio\u00e8 intervengono su scala limitata (Fig. 9).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Misure per la protezione personale dovrebbero includere: educazione scolastica, costruzione di una propria consapevolezza rispetto al rischio alluvioni nei luoghi in cui viviamo o soggiorniamo, conoscenza delle azioni da intraprendere sia prima che dopo un\u2019alluvione, possesso di capacit\u00e0 minime di pronto soccorso ecc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-329c72d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"329c72d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"529\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_9_SecchiaR_FlowRegulationSystem190513-1024x529.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4284\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_9_SecchiaR_FlowRegulationSystem190513-1024x529.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_9_SecchiaR_FlowRegulationSystem190513-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_9_SecchiaR_FlowRegulationSystem190513-768x397.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_9_SecchiaR_FlowRegulationSystem190513.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 9. Casse di espansione del F. Secchia, ubicate a Ovest  di Modena, durante il picco di piena del 13 maggio 2019. Nell&#8217;immagine: il F. Secchia scorre da destra a sinistra, in centro la diga di regolazione costruita attraverso l&#8217;alveo e sul lato destro il bacino di stoccaggio delimitato da argini (da un video di Marco Amendola)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-22910\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-22910\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. Si possono mitigare le conseguenze delle alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-22910\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-22910\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8424\" class=\"elementor elementor-8424 elementor-4290\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e5b8bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e5b8bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e46b1a0\" data-id=\"e46b1a0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfa326e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cfa326e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>E\u2019 possibile mitigare gli effetti negativi delle alluvioni, specialmente quelle che mettono a rischio la vita delle persone, l\u2019ambiente, il patrimonio culturale, le attivit\u00e0 economiche e le infrastrutture, attraverso l\u2019implementazione di politiche coerenti e ben ponderate, a livello mondiale, regionale, nazionale e locale.<\/p>\n<p>La lotta alle alluvioni comprende sia attivit\u00e0 implementate in accordo a piani di lungo periodo, sia attivit\u00e0 a breve termine.<\/p>\n<p>Esempi di attivit\u00e0 di lungo periodo possono essere la creazione di diverse strutture di protezione e la loro annuale manutenzione, oppure la creazione ed il mantenimento di diversi piani di protezione.<\/p>\n<p>Le attivit\u00e0 a breve termine vengono pianificate annualmente e sono implementate in caso di alluvione. Scorte di: materiali idrorepellenti, sacchi di sabbia, pompe, generatori elettrici. Organizzazione costruita sulla base dei piani esistenti. Controllo dei sistemi di monitoraggio ed allerta alluvioni. La pulizia del sistema di drenaggio e degli alvei fluviali \u00e8 estremamente importante ed \u00e8 diretta responsabilit\u00e0 delle autorit\u00e0 locali.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019efficienza del contrasto alle alluvioni non dipende solo dalle specifiche condizioni climatiche e dal regime dei corsi d\u2019acqua di una certa zona, ma anche dall\u2019ubicazione dei centri abitati e dalla disponibilit\u00e0 di strutture idrauliche efficaci nel regolare il deflusso delle acque\u00a0<strong>(vedi Fig. 9)<\/strong>. Comunque gli effetti di un\u2019alluvione si riducono soprattutto con provvedimenti che impediscono o limitano l\u2019espansione urbanistica nelle aree allagabili cos\u00ec come le aree golenali (.<strong>(vedi Fig. 10).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>L\u2019esperienza dimostra come sia assolutamente possibile evitare conseguenze catastrofiche quando le previsioni sono state fatte in modo corretto e con adeguato anticipo e quando le rispettive attivit\u00e0 vengono implementate tenendo in considerazione le condizioni locali. I fattori che contribuiscono maggiormente a ridurre le conseguenze di un\u2019alluvione sono l\u2019organizzazione di un sistema di allerta, l\u2019addestramento ad assumere comportamenti corretti ed il primo soccorso.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24bf01e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24bf01e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_10_FloodPoGuastallaNov_2000-1024x681.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4295\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_10_FloodPoGuastallaNov_2000-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_10_FloodPoGuastallaNov_2000-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_10_FloodPoGuastallaNov_2000-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_10_FloodPoGuastallaNov_2000.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig.10 &#8211; Fiume Po presso Guastalla  (provincia di Reggio Emilia) durante la piena del novembre 2000. Le case nell&#8217;area allagata sono state costruite nell&#8217;area golenale (Foto di G. Bertolini).<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-22911\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-22911\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. Cosa si deve fare in caso di un' alluvione?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-22911\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-22911\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8426\" class=\"elementor elementor-8426 elementor-4301\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3d0923a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3d0923a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bedc948\" data-id=\"bedc948\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-140901c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"140901c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Per reagire nel modo corretto e per evitare il panico in caso di alluvione, \u00e8 necessario essere gi\u00e0 preparati, in modo che tutti sappiano cosa fare.<\/p>\n<p><u>Per prima cosa<\/u>\u00a0dobbiamo sapere se il luogo dove abitiamo \u00e8 stato interessato da alluvioni e quali ne sono state le cause.<\/p>\n<p><u>Secondo<\/u>\u00a0&#8211; \u00e8 molto importante procurarsi un\u2019assicurazione contro le alluvioni se si vive in un\u2019area a rischio.<\/p>\n<p><u>Terzo<\/u>\u00a0&#8211; si deve preparare un piano di protezione individuale contro le alluvioni.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le fasi per la protezione personale includono:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Prima dell\u2019alluvione e durante l&#8217;allerta:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Conoscenza dei piani di protezione da alluvioni;<\/li>\n<li>Le autorit\u00e0 locali attivano alcune procedure del piano di protezione: informano la popolazione in pericolo, predispongono il monitoraggio delle sezioni fluviali in pericolo, avvertono la popolazione con segnali d\u2019allarme ecc.;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Valuta se mettere al sicuro l\u2019automobile o altri beni: pu\u00f2 essere pericoloso.<\/li>\n<li>Se devi evacuare, valuta prima il percorso ed evita le zone allagabili.\n<ul>\n<li>Al segnale di evacuazione non avere esitazioni, poich\u00e9 il ritardo delle azioni di evacuazione potrebbe mettervi in pericolo. Abbandonare di propria iniziativa la zona colpita pu\u00f2 essere molto pericoloso;<\/li>\n<li>Se si possiedono sostanze velenose o pericolose, chiedere a specialisti cosa fare con esse. Se si ha tempo, chiudere la pittura, i pesticidi, i fertilizzanti e altre sostanze pericolose in scatole di plastica e rimuoverle dal pavimento;<\/li>\n<li>Trasportare gli strumenti elettrici al piano superiore.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Durante l\u2019alluvione:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Prestare attenzione alle comunicazioni ed alle istruzioni trasmesse da radio e TV;<\/li>\n<li>Cercare di mantenere la calma ed evitare situazioni di panico;<\/li>\n<li>Non appena l\u2019alluvione ha inizio, o se si crede che un\u2019alluvione stia approssimandosi alla vostra abitazione (osservando il livello delle acque, la presenza di nuvole temporalesche, piogge intense o la vicinanza della vostra casa a sorgenti), non esitate e spostatevi immediatamente verso piani rialzati, anche se non si sono ricevute indicazioni in tal senso: questa \u00e8 la vostra personale decisione;<\/li>\n<li>Occorre sapere che le valli ove scorrono acque sorgentizie (anche se asciutte), i canyon, i fossi di ruscellamento ed i canali di drenaggio sono i luoghi pi\u00f9 pericolosi in caso di repentine alluvioni;<\/li>\n<li>Non percorrere sottopassi stradali<\/li>\n<li>Nel caso tu sia in vacanza dovresti conoscere le istruzioni importanti e seguire le indicazioni delle autorit\u00e0 locali. L\u2019esperienza dimostra che le maggiori perdite sono generalmente subite dai turisti<\/li>\n<li><\/li>\n<li><u>Se ti trovi nella zona alluvionata:<\/u>\n<ul>\n<li>Spostati al piano superiore e non esitare a salire sul tetto, se necessario;<\/li>\n<li>Se ti trovi in un bosco, sali su di un albero;<\/li>\n<li>Se ti trovi in acqua, cerca di nuotare verso una zona asciutta;<\/li>\n<li>Se ti trovi in una forte corrente d\u2019acqua, non cercare di nuotare contro corrente o sulla corrente, ma nuota mantenendo un certo angolo rispetto alla sponda\/costa.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><u>Se ti \u00e8 stato indicato di evacuare, procedi nel seguente modo:<\/u>\n<ul>\n<li>Se hai tempo, trasporta le cose indispensabili al piano superiore;<\/li>\n<li>Disconnetti la rete elettrica, del gas e dell\u2019acqua (non toccare elementi elettrici se sei bagnato o se sei immerso in acqua);<\/li>\n<li>Se hai tempo, inchioda un\u2019asse alla porta ed alle finestre.<\/li>\n<li>Non attraversare nessun flusso d\u2019acqua, ma se devi, controlla la profondit\u00e0 dell\u2019acqua davanti a te con un bastone;<\/li>\n<li>Non guidare attraverso zone allagate e se il livello dell\u2019acqua intorno all\u2019automobile si alza, abbandona immediatamente l\u2019automobile e spostati verso piani rialzati.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><u>Se sei costretto a rimanere nella tua abitazione durante l\u2019alluvione:<\/u>\n<ul>\n<li>Presta costante attenzione alle informazioni di radio e TV;<\/li>\n<li>Rimani ad un piano superiore, se possibile;<\/li>\n<li>Metti tutti i documenti, il denaro, le cose di valore e le medicine importanti in una borsa adatta;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dopo l\u2019alluvione:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Dopo l\u2019evacuazione puoi tornare alla tua abitazione solo se \u00e8 permesso dalle autorit\u00e0 locali;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Non transitare lungo strade allagate: potrebbero esserci voragini, buche, tombini aperti o cavi elettrici tranciati. Inoltre, l\u2019acqua potrebbe essere inquinata da carburanti o altre sostanze.<\/li>\n<li>Fai attenzione anche alle zone dove l\u2019acqua si \u00e8 ritirata: il fondo stradale potrebbe essere indebolito e cedere.\n<ul>\n<li>Apri le porte e le finestre e crea ventilazione nella casa;<\/li>\n<li>Non riattivare la rete elettrica prima che questa venga controllata da uno specialista;<\/li>\n<li>Controlla la rete del gas;<\/li>\n<li>Non utilizzare acqua e cibo senza prima averli controllati.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nell&#8217;ambito del progetto italiano IONONRISCHIO \u00e8 stata predisposta una scheda che contiene\u00a0informazioni utili sui comportamenti da adottare durante l\u2019allerta, durante l\u2019alluvione e dopo l\u2019alluvione. La scheda pu\u00f2 essere scaricata al link<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.protezionecivile.gov.it\/documents\/20182\/1044376\/SCHEDA_ALLUVIONE_2018_WEB\/f7adc597-8b22-40be-9489-ca04f3e9f267\">http:\/\/www.protezionecivile.gov.it\/documents\/20182\/1044376\/SCHEDA_ALLUVIONE_2018_WEB\/f7adc597-8b22-40be-9489-ca04f3e9f267<\/a><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-22912\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-22912\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. Che tipi di carte esistono per le alluvioni?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-22912\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-22912\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8428\" class=\"elementor elementor-8428 elementor-4307\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0273eef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0273eef\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bad53f0\" data-id=\"bad53f0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d65a41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d65a41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Le carte possono essere: geografiche, economiche e fisiche, includendo anche diverse carte meteorologiche: per le piogge, per il deflusso dei fiumi, per i venti. Possono essere a scale diverse, a seconda del loro utilizzo. Le carte delle alluvioni devono aiutare a prevedere quali aree possono essere colpite ed a pianificare le azioni di difesa. E\u2019 preferibile utilizzare carte topografiche o carte con Modello Digitale del Terreno, giacch\u00e9 \u00e8 molto importante individuare le aree topograficamente rialzate qualora si verifichi un\u2019alluvione e si debbano predisporre le misure di difesa. Le carte digitali, combinate all\u2019uso del GPS, sono da preferirsi.<\/p>\n<p><u>Le carte predisposte per la scala di bacino sono le seguenti:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>Carte delle aree potenzialmente interessate da alluvioni: Carte di pericolosit\u00e0 alluvionale<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Carte delle aree ove \u00e8 presente un determinato rischio da alluvione: Carte di rischio alluvionale.<\/li>\n<li>Le mappe della pericolosit\u00e0 alluvionale, a piccola e\/o a larga scala, mostrano l&#8217;estensione e i livelli d&#8217;acqua previsti in caso di allagamento secondo tre scenari: uno scenario a bassa probabilit\u00e0 o eventi estremi, uno scenario a media probabilit\u00e0 (con un periodo di ritorno di 100 anni) e uno scenario ad alta probabilit\u00e0. C<\/li>\n<li>Come esempio di cartografia di pericolosit\u00e0 alluvionale in Italia, l&#8217;Autorit\u00e0 di Bacino del Fiume Po (AIPO) \u00e8 da tempo attiva per l&#8217;identificazione e la mappatura delle aree a pericolo di alluvione dell&#8217;intero bacino idrografico del fiume Po. \u00c8 stata sostanzialmente applicata una metodologia semplificata basata sul perimetro delle alluvioni storiche individuando cos\u00ec tre distinti scenari di alluvione: scenario a bassa probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 500 anni), scenario a media probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 100-200 anni), scenario ad alta probabilit\u00e0. Vedere la Fig. 12.1 e la Fig. 12.2.<\/li>\n<li>Le mappe del rischio di alluvione vengono preparate per le aree allagate in questi scenari che mostrano la popolazione, le attivit\u00e0 economiche e l&#8217;ambiente a potenziale rischio di inondazioni e altre informazioni che possono essere utili da includere, ad esempio, altre fonti di inquinamento.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tali\u00a0 mappe sono usate per determinare le regioni che possono essere interessate da inondazioni e i danni che ne possono derivare. Le misure per proteggere la popolazione e le attivit\u00e0\u00a0 a lungo termine per mitigare le conseguenze della inondazioni sono pianificate sulal base di queste mappe.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8fe529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a8fe529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"759\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12a-759x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4312\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12a-759x1024.jpg 759w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12a-223x300.jpg 223w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12a-768x1035.jpg 768w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12a.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 759px) 100vw, 759px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 12.a. Carta della pericolosit\u00e0 alluvionale a piccola scala di un settore della Pianura Padana tra Modena e il F. Po (fonte http:\/\/www.agenziainterregionalepo.it\/).  Il colore blu scuro corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione ad alta probabilit\u00e0; il colore blu medio corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione a media probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 100 &#8211; 200 anni); il colore azzurro corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione a bassa probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 500 anni)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee338a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dee338a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12b-719x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4317\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12b-719x1024.jpg 719w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12b-211x300.jpg 211w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Fig_12b.jpg 758w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Fig. 12.b. Carta della pericolosit\u00e0 alluvionale a grande  scala di un&#8217;area della Pianura Padana a Nord di Modena (corrisponde al settore 10 di Fig. 12.a).  (fonte http:\/\/www.agenziainterregionalepo.it\/  Il colore blu scuro corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione ad alta probabilit\u00e0; il colore blu medio corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione a media probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 100 &#8211; 200 anni); il colore azzurro corrisponde allo scenario di alluvione a bassa probabilit\u00e0 (periodo di ritorno 500 anni)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542dd05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"542dd05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.1 What are the flood maps used for?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4323\" class=\"elementor elementor-4323\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-67170f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"67170f6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e101943\" data-id=\"e101943\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728a5fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"728a5fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The maps of the regions under threat of a flooding cover the geographical locations that can be flooded and reflect:<\/p><ul><li>floods that are less likely to occur or cases of unforeseen events;<\/li><li>floods with medium probability to occur \/probability of second occurrence \u2013 more than 100 years \/;<\/li><li>floods with high probability to occur.<\/li><\/ul><p>On the bases of prediction on these maps, several activities with long and short term character aiming to prevent or to reduce flood consequences are planned and implemented and planes for defense are elaborated.<\/p><p>The maps of the regions under risk of flood show the possible negative consequences of the flood and reflect:<\/p><ul><li>a project number of population that could be possibly affected;<\/li><li>type of economic activity in the region that will be possibly affected;<\/li><li>installations for complex prevention and control of contamination, that may cause additional contamination due to flood-caused technical failures.<\/li><\/ul><p>On the bases of prediction on these maps the activities for protection of the damaged populayion on regional and local level, the long and short term activities are planned. An individual plan for action at flood danger for you and your family can be prepared on the bases of these maps.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.2 Can I get these maps and from where?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4327\" class=\"elementor elementor-4327\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-33c05b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"33c05b8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c48cfc8\" data-id=\"c48cfc8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-764aa04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"764aa04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>You are entitled to familiarize yourself with the maps and to receive the information you require concerning danger of flood, and if a proper organization is in place, to receive such maps or excerpts thereof.<\/p><p>Even more &#8211; it is the obligation of every citizen to be aware of what dangers are possible in his living location. It is especially important to familiarize yourself with the map and to check whether the home you live in, the school you study in, or your work place are located in zones in danger of flood. On the basis of that you can request information for the existing protection plan and the steps you need to undertake in case of danger, during, and after a flood.<\/p><p>The maps are prepared, maintained and kept by the respective institutions in a country \u2013 normally these would be the Basin directorates and Civil Protection Service.<\/p><p>From the map you can learn about the obligation of the local authorities for prevention from flood at sudden danger from flood.<\/p><p>From the maps you can learn about the obligation of the local authorities for prevention from flood risk and to insist to be implemented.<\/p><p>From the maps on Internet you can get orientation about the existing rivers, springs, dams and other hydro technical facilities which can cause flood.<\/p><p>At school you can create you own map of the danger zones from flooding for the place where you live, the way to school and at school to predict and discuss what you have to do in case of flood if you are any of these places. Before going abroad with your parents on holiday you can learn from the Internet map about the existing danger from some types of floods.<\/p><p><u>We have prepared a map of the floods all over the world on the bases of \u201cGoogle Maps\u201d.<\/u><\/p><p>You can look at the map and decide whether there is a thread from flood for a place you wish. You may try to make a prediction about the areas threatened by flood. The icons of Google have been used. You can add to any place threatened by flood or hurt by flood: pictures, texts, drawings, videos etc. This map can connect with GPS navigator and we can exactly to the place we want &#8211; where we live, the place we will go on holiday with our parents.<\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http:\/\/maps.google.com\/maps\/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=206249455416071754976.0004ba45206d4ba3aa123&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=p&amp;ll=46.286224,10.634766&amp;spn=18.22713,35.112305&amp;z=5&amp;output=embed\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><br \/>View Floods Prevention &#8211; ECRP (BG) in a larger map<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali Alluvioni Preparato da ECRP &#8211; European Center for Risk Prevention (Sofia, Bulgaria)\u00a0&amp; the Editorial Board. Un\u2019alluvione \u00e8 determinata dal temporaneo ricoprimento, da parte dell\u2019acqua, di una superficie di terreno generalmente libera da acqua. Alluvioni possono essere causate da corsi d\u2019acqua (fiumi, sorgenti di montagna, corsi d\u2019acqua solitamente asciutti ecc.), che non sono in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8887,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Alluvioni - BeSafeNet<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Alluvioni - BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali Alluvioni Preparato da ECRP &#8211; European Center for Risk Prevention (Sofia, Bulgaria)\u00a0&amp; the Editorial Board. Un\u2019alluvione \u00e8 determinata dal temporaneo ricoprimento, da parte dell\u2019acqua, di una superficie di terreno generalmente libera da acqua. Alluvioni possono essere causate da corsi d\u2019acqua (fiumi, sorgenti di montagna, corsi d\u2019acqua solitamente asciutti ecc.), che non sono in [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BeSafeNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-06-11T13:19:01+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-1024x320.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"158 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/\",\"name\":\"Alluvioni - BeSafeNet\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-04T09:15:47+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-06-11T13:19:01+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/el\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Pericolosit\u00e0\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Alluvioni\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/\",\"name\":\"BeSafeNet\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"BeSafeNet\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"it-IT\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg\",\"width\":1,\"height\":1,\"caption\":\"BeSafeNet\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Alluvioni - BeSafeNet","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/","og_locale":"it_IT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Alluvioni - BeSafeNet","og_description":"Pericolosit\u00e0 Naturali Alluvioni Preparato da ECRP &#8211; European Center for Risk Prevention (Sofia, Bulgaria)\u00a0&amp; the Editorial Board. Un\u2019alluvione \u00e8 determinata dal temporaneo ricoprimento, da parte dell\u2019acqua, di una superficie di terreno generalmente libera da acqua. Alluvioni possono essere causate da corsi d\u2019acqua (fiumi, sorgenti di montagna, corsi d\u2019acqua solitamente asciutti ecc.), che non sono in [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/","og_site_name":"BeSafeNet","article_modified_time":"2024-06-11T13:19:01+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/floods-1024x320.jpg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"158 minuti"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/","url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/","name":"Alluvioni - BeSafeNet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"2020-12-04T09:15:47+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-11T13:19:01+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"it-IT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/floods\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/el\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Pericolosit\u00e0","item":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/hazards\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Alluvioni"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/","name":"BeSafeNet","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"it-IT"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#organization","name":"BeSafeNet","url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"it-IT","@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/besafe-logo.svg","width":1,"height":1,"caption":"BeSafeNet"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8816"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8816"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8816\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16274,"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8816\/revisions\/16274"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8816"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}