{"id":8788,"date":"2020-12-04T07:27:20","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T07:27:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/besafenet.dgmedialink.com\/%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%8a%d0%b5%d0%bc-%d1%83%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%bd%d1%8f-%d0%bc%d0%be%d1%80%d1%8f\/"},"modified":"2024-06-11T14:01:00","modified_gmt":"2024-06-11T13:01:00","slug":"sea-level-rise","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/ru\/hazards\/sea-level-rise\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"8788\" class=\"elementor elementor-8788 elementor-3362\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-195b25c heading-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"195b25c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71fc7c2\" data-id=\"71fc7c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c139051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c139051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d9781f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9d9781f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">\u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f<\/h1>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-99de51b\" data-id=\"99de51b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfdf131 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"cfdf131\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e92cf4 small-txt elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2e92cf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><em>\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d ICoD &#8212; Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) &amp; the Editorial Board<\/em><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a7820f elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7a7820f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b22080 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle\" data-id=\"3b22080\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-10a777f\" data-id=\"10a777f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a2fd43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a2fd43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/sea-level-rise-1024x320.jpg\" 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\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f).<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78a35f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"78a35f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1261\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1261\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">1. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1261\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1261\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8604\" class=\"elementor elementor-8604 elementor-3387\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5f36f72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5f36f72\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-261fdf1\" data-id=\"261fdf1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c443ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c443ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f).<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1262\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1262\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1262\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1262\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8606\" class=\"elementor elementor-8606 elementor-3393\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dcda41a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dcda41a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c019a91\" data-id=\"c019a91\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4e0f40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4e0f40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f (LMSL) \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0443, \u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0436\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0434) \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430 (\u043c\u043c \/ \u0433\u043e\u0434), \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u0435\u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f\u043b, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0410\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 LMSL.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f (\u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442 \u00ab\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u041c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0435.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a93378 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"6a93378\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">2.1 More on sea-level rise<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1111\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3398\" class=\"elementor elementor-3398\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5071aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5071aee\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-65d05ab\" data-id=\"65d05ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070fea0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"070fea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Sea level changes on a range of temporal and spatial-scales. The total volume of the ocean can change as a result of changes in ocean mass (addition of water to the ocean from the land) or expansion\/contraction of the ocean water as it warms\/cools.<\/p><p>In addition, the sea level does not change uniformly as water is added or taken away. There can be large regions of ocean with decreasing sea level even when the overall Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL) is increasing. Obviously there must be regions of ocean with trends correspondingly greater than the mean to balance out the regions with trends less than the mean. There are many processes that drive these changes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1263\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1263\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1263\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1263\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8608\" class=\"elementor elementor-8608 elementor-3402\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c7664f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c7664f8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f44ab3c\" data-id=\"f44ab3c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534ae16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"534ae16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \/ \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d, \u0448\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439), \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0440\u044f\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0441\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0417\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 140 000 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 120 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 120 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434.<\/li>\n<li>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1 \u0438 1800 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li>\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 19 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 20-\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430.<\/li>\n<li>\u0418\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 3 \u043c\u043c \/ \u0433\u043e\u0434 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 1990-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e791091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"e791091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2421\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2421\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.1 Short-term and periodic changes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2421\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2421\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3407\" class=\"elementor elementor-3407\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2843a0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2843a0d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0034422\" data-id=\"0034422\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-021e756 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"021e756\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\tThere are many factors which can produce short-term (a few minutes to 14 months) changes in sea level such as tides, waves, storm surges, earthquakes and seasonal variations.\n\n<strong>Table 1: Short term and periodic changes of sea level (<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_level_rise\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_level_rise<\/a>)<\/strong>\n\n<div class=\"table-responsive\">\n<table class=\"table table-striped\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Short-term (periodic) causes<\/th>\n<th>Time scale (P = period)<\/th>\n<th>Vertical effect<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\"><strong>Periodic sea level changes<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diurnal and semidiurnal astronomical tides<\/td>\n<td>12-24\u00a0h P<\/td>\n<td>\u00a00.2-10- m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Spring tides<\/td>\n<td>Twice a month<\/td>\n<td>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rotational variations (Chandler wobble)<\/td>\n<td>14 month P<\/td>\n<td>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Meteorological and oceanographic fluctuations<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Atmospheric pressure<\/td>\n<td>Hours to months<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0&#8212; 0.7 to 1.3 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Winds (storm surges)<\/td>\n<td>1-5 days<\/td>\n<td>Up to 5 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Evaporation and precipitation (may also follow long-term pattern)<\/td>\n<td>Days to weeks<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ocean surface topography (changes in water density and currents)<\/td>\n<td>Days to weeks<\/td>\n<td>Up to 1 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>El Nino southern oscillation<\/td>\n<td>6 months\nevery 5-10 yr<\/td>\n<td>Up to 0.6 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Seasonal variations<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Seasonal water balance among oceans (Atlantic. Pacific. Indian)<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0*<\/td>\n<td>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Seasonal variations in slope of water surface<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0*<\/td>\n<td>*<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>River runoff floods<\/td>\n<td>2 months<\/td>\n<td>lm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>water density changes (temperature and salinity)<\/td>\n<td>6 months<\/td>\n<td>0.2 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Seasonal Seiches<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Seiches (standing waves)<\/td>\n<td>Minutes to hours<\/td>\n<td>Up to 2 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Earthquakes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Tsunamis (generate catastrophic long-period waves)<\/td>\n<td>Hours<\/td>\n<td>Up to 10 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Abrupt change in land level<\/td>\n<td>Minutes<\/td>\n<td>Up to 10 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">* Effects change locally.\u00a0<em>Source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_level_rise<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2422\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2422\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.2 Short-term geological effects<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2422\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2422\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3413\" class=\"elementor elementor-3413\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d39126e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d39126e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-432509c\" data-id=\"432509c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29b4fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29b4fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>A number of geological processes contribute to short-term changes in measured sea level. A few examples are:<\/p><ul><li>earthquakes and other small-scale geological events<\/li><li>sinking of land (subsidence) through compaction of sediments and\/or withdrawal of ground water<\/li><li>sinking of land through withdrawal of oil<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2423\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2423\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.3 Long-term changes &#8212; Mass exchange<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2423\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2423\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3417\" class=\"elementor elementor-3417\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3b6b284 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3b6b284\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b1f7dad\" data-id=\"b1f7dad\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ca4a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ca4a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>On time scales of months and longer, sea level changes as a result of both changes in ocean mass (addition of water to the ocean from the land) and expansion\/contraction of the ocean water as it warms\/cools.<\/p><p>Exchange of water between &#171;reservoirs&#187; is an important contribution to sea level change. A significant part of this is through the hydrological cycle, where water evaporates from the ocean, resides in the atmosphere, then returns to the ocean either directly or via reservoirs (snow, ice, lakes, rivers, groundwater etc). There are both annual variations as well as longer-term variations. For example, extraction of water from underground aquifers can increase the mass of the ocean whereas the storage of water in dams can decrease the mass of the ocean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f73dd01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f73dd01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"501\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Causes-of-SLchange.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3420\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Causes-of-SLchange.jpg 501w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Causes-of-SLchange-300x165.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 Causes of sea level change (source: IPCC Third Assessment Report, 2001)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85bbb12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85bbb12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Contributions from non-polar Glaciers<\/strong><\/p><p>A major contribution to sea level change is from the changing mass of glaciers, and the ice sheets. At the time of the last glacial maximum (140000 years ago) when sea level was more than 120 m below present level, there were major ice sheets in North American and northern Europe and Asia.<\/p><p>Several different estimates are proposed for the contribution of non-polar Glaciers by scientists. Kaser et al and others estimate the melting of glaciers and ice caps (excluding the glaciers surrounding Greenland and Antarctica) contributed to sea level rise by about 0.4 mm per year from 1961 to 1990 increasing to about 1.0 mm per year from 2001-2004. Another group of scientists, Meier et al, state that mass loss from glaciers is dominating the eustatic component of sea level rise in the 21st century, providing 1.1 mm\/year of the total eustatic contribution of 1.8 mm\/year in 2006. (Meier, M.F&gt;, M.B. Dyurgerov, U.K. Rick, S. O&#8217;Neel, W.T. Pfeffer, R.S. Anderson, S.P. Anderson and A.F. Glazovsky (2007), Glaciers Dominate Eustatic sea level Rise in th 21st Century, Science, 317, 1064-1067).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41e514a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"41e514a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/time-series-of-glaciers-contributions.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3425\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/time-series-of-glaciers-contributions.jpg 560w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/time-series-of-glaciers-contributions-300x241.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: The time series of glacier contributions to global sea level (top panel) and the cumulative effect (bottom panel) from 1961-2004. (source: Kaser, G., J.G. Cogley, M.B. Dyurgerov, M.F. Meier and A. Ohmura (2006), Mass balance of glaciers and ice caps: Consensus estimates for 1961-2004, Geophysical Research Letters, 33)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4162ba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4162ba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Contributions from the Ice Sheets<\/strong><\/p><p>The ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica have the potential to make the largest contribution to sea level rise, but they are also the greatest source of uncertainty. Since 1990 there has been increased snow accumulation at high elevation on the Greenland ice sheet, while at lower elevation there has been more widespread surface melting and a significant increase in the flow of outlet glaciers. The net result is a decrease in the mass of the Greenland ice sheet &#8212; a positive contribution to sea level rise. For the Antarctic Ice Sheet, the uncertainty is greater. There are insufficient data to make direct estimates for the preceding decades. At present, the mass gain of the Antarctic Ice Sheet due to increased thickening of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet does not appear to compensate for the mass loss due to the increased glacier flow on the Antarctic Peninsula and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Modelling studies suggest that the Antarctic Ice Sheet is still responding to changes since the last ice age and that this may also be contributing to sea level rise. (http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ff5849 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"1ff5849\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3351\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3351\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.3.1 Case study Antarctica<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3351\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3351\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3432\" class=\"elementor elementor-3432\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e529a84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e529a84\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58cac9\" data-id=\"a58cac9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3114038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3114038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"371\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/antartica.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3435\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/antartica.jpg 683w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/antartica-300x163.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1 Antarctica surface elevation change (cm\/year) Source: UNEP: Global outlook for Ice &amp; Snow <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7f0591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7f0591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-align: left; font-size: 1rem;\">Figure 1 shows rates at which the ice-sheet mass was estimated to be changing based on radar-altimeter data (black), mass-budget calculations (red), and satellite gravity measurements (blue). Rectangles depict the time periods of observations (horizontal) and the upper and lower estimates of mass balance (vertical). Measurements by satellite techniques based on gravity indicate mass loss at a rate of 138 \u00b1 73 billion tonnes per year during 2002-2005, mostly from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet. That is equivalent to a rise in global sea level of 0.4 \u00b1 0.2 mm per year, or 10-30% of the global rate measured since the 1950s, and is in good agreement with recent mass budget estimates.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3352\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3352\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.3.2 Case Study Greenland<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3352\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3352\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3441\" class=\"elementor elementor-3441\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d8b41a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4d8b41a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bfb103c\" data-id=\"bfb103c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24dfc76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"24dfc76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"609\" height=\"487\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Greenland.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3444\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Greenland.jpg 609w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Greenland-300x240.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 609px) 100vw, 609px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Greenland surface elevation change (cm\/year) Source: UNEP: Global outlook for Ice &amp; Snow<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85269fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85269fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Mass-balance estimates for Greenland show thickening at high elevations since the early 1990s at rates that increased to about 4 cm per year after 2000, consistent with expectations of increasing snowfall in a warming climate. However, this mass gain is far exceeded by losses associated with large increases in thinning of the ice sheet near the coast. Total loss from the ice sheet more than doubled, from a few tens of billions of tonnes per year in the early 1990s, to about 100 billion tonnes per year after 2000, with perhaps a further doubling by 2005. These rapidly increasing losses result partly from more melting during warmer summers, and partly from increased discharge of ice from outlet glaciers into the ocean. In particular, the speeds of three of Greenland&#8217;s fastest glaciers approximately doubled since 2000, although two of them have partially slowed since.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2424\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2424\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.4 Long-term changes &#8212; Thermal expansion<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2424\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2424\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3450\" class=\"elementor elementor-3450\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-23dca6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"23dca6b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5c0196\" data-id=\"f5c0196\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-def7d9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"def7d9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Ocean thermal expansion is one of the main contributors to long-term sea level change, as well as being part of regional and short-term changes. Water expands as it warms and shrinks as it cools.<\/p><p>From 1961 to 2003, the upper 700 metres of the global oceans absorbed about 3.6 x 1021 Joules per year, increasing global mean sea level (GMSL) by about 22 millimetres. This is equivalent to contributing about 0.52 mm\/year to GMSL, and also to an air-sea flux of 0.36 Watts per square metre over the ocean area considered (65\u00b0S to 65\u00b0N). This contribution to GMSL is about one third of the total GMSL trend (1.6 mm\/year) over this period.<\/p><p>From 1955 to 1995, earlier estimates of ocean thermal expansion is estimated to have contributed about 0.4 mm\/year to sea level rise, less than 25 per cent of the observed rise over the same period. For the 1993 to 2003 decade, when the best data are available, thermal expansion was estimated to be significantly larger, at about 1.6 mm\/year for the upper 750 m of the ocean alone, about 50 per cent of the observed sea level rise of 3.1 mm\/year. (<em>source:<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel\">http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel<\/a>)<\/p><p><em><strong>FIGURE<\/strong><\/em><\/p><p><strong>Figure\u00a01: The top panel of the above plot show changes in the heat content of the top 700 metres of the ocean from 1960 to 2007. The bottom panel shows the change in thermosteric sea level.\u00a0<\/strong>(<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel\">http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel<\/a>)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2425\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2425\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.5 Long-term geological effects<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2425\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2425\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3454\" class=\"elementor elementor-3454\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-267692c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"267692c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0df5987\" data-id=\"0df5987\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6701d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f6701d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>One of the main long-term geological contributions to sea level is Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) &#8212; which is also known as Post-Glacial rebound (PGR). The ice sheets of recent ice ages compressed the earth&#8217;s mantle as they advanced causing the mantle to subside and also to squeeze material out in front of the ice sheet, producing what is known as the &#171;forebulge&#187;. Since the ice sheets retreated the mantle has been slowly returning towards its original configuration. This has produced the following effects:<\/p><ul><li>regions which were under the ice sheets (e.g. much of northern Eurasia and North America) are rising &#8212; in some cases by up to 7mm\/year.<\/li><li>\u00a0regions which were on the forebulge (e.g. the east coast of the U.S.) are sinking, typically at rates of 1mm\/year or slightly more.<\/li><li>\u00a0regions further away are moving vertically at smaller rates as part of the overall adjustment that this causes. For example, Australia is rising at ~0.3-0.4 mm\/year.<\/li><\/ul><p>These effects contribute to changes in measured sea level through the vertical movements at tide gauge sites and also through the change in volume of the ocean basins as this long-term geological adjustment goes on.<\/p><p>Plate tectonics also contributes, but this is, generally, a much smaller effect.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2426\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2426\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">3.6 The sea level budget<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2426\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2426\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3457\" class=\"elementor elementor-3457\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11d17ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"11d17ea\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e915b4a\" data-id=\"e915b4a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74f7fe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74f7fe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Thermal expansion is producing about half of the current 3mm\/year increase in global sea level. This contribution has increased from around 0.5 mm\/year over the second half of the 20th century to around 1.6 mm\/year over the last 12-14 years. This contribution is expected to continue at least at this level over the next century or more due to greenhouse-gas-induced warming of the atmosphere and ocean.<\/p><p>Due to the very patchy and sparse (especially as we go back in time) body of ocean temperature data that is available to estimate longer-term contributions, the contribution over most of the 20th century is hard to estimate reliably.<\/p><p>A major contribution to recent sea level rise is from the melting of glaciers, and contributions from the Greenland (both surface melting and iceberg calving and the Antarctic ice sheet (iceberg calving only). This is believed to produce about one third or more of the current 3mm\/year annual increase in global sea level. The contribution from the ice sheets is poorly understood at the moment and is an active area of research. The melting of the Greenland ice sheet alone could increase global mean sea level by around 7 metres. This would probably take around 1,000 years, but it is believed that ice melt from Greenland could still contribute significantly to sea level rise over the next 50-100 years.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1264\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1264\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4. \u0413\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1264\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1264\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8610\" class=\"elementor elementor-8610 elementor-3461\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e096a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e096a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9847ded\" data-id=\"9847ded\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-411b222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"411b222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><strong>\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0413\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 195 \u043c\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 1870 \u0438 2004 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0447\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 3 \u043c\u043c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0434. \u041e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043a 2100 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430. \u0412\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0451\u043c\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430 50 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u044c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0436\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0412 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0435<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0422\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0443, \u041a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0438\u0432\u044b, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 2-3 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 50 \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043c, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043e\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0438. \u041a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0418\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u0428\u0440\u0438-\u041b\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0411\u0438\u0440\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430 \u041d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0448, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043d\u0430\u0432 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0443\u0433\u0443\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0441 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0413\u0438\u043f\u043f\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434, \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u0432 \u0421\u0428\u0410). \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 0,3-0,4 \u043c\u043c \/ \u0433\u043e\u0434.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ddb7cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"9ddb7cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1651\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1651\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">4.1 Higher than minimum projected SLR<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1651\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1651\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3466\" class=\"elementor elementor-3466\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-293c0f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"293c0f2\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e70167f\" data-id=\"e70167f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38444b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"38444b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>A sea level rise of only a few meters would inundate thousands of square kilometers of highly populated and developed land. In Amsterdam, London, Rotterdam, Portsmouth or other low-lying coastal areas; communities, highways, factories, ports, railroads and many types of industry would be flooded.<\/p><p>The complete melting of Greenland would raise sea levels by 7 meters (23 feet). But even a partial melting would cause a one-meter (three-foot) rise. Such a rise would have a devastating impact on low-lying island countries which would be entirely submerged.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1265\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1265\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1265\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1265\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8612\" class=\"elementor elementor-8612 elementor-3470\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9fecab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9fecab\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-32ba0e5\" data-id=\"32ba0e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e74546 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e74546\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432), \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445. \u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 100 \u043b\u0435\u0442, \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a 2100 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u041b\u043e\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u0419\u043e\u0440\u043a), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0411\u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0448 \u0438 \u042e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0412\u044c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u043c), \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e.<\/p>\n<p>\u0424\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0438 \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c18dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"71c18dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"363\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Populations-flooded-by-SLR.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3475\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Populations-flooded-by-SLR.jpg 363w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Populations-flooded-by-SLR-242x300.jpg 242w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">\u041e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u043a 2080 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0451\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f (UNEP: Global outlook for Ice &amp; Snow)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4707c4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4707c4e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-347b050\" data-id=\"347b050\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c978a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"c978a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2111\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2111\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.1 Land Loss<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2111\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2111\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3481\" class=\"elementor elementor-3481\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ababe56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ababe56\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-967381d\" data-id=\"967381d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f1d50f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9f1d50f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>A rise of a few mm per year by the sea, although not threatening spectacular inundation is still extremely important. Direct land loss of low lying areas can rapidly (decadal to centennial periods) damage or destroy coastal ecosystems. Rising sea levels inundate wetlands and other low-lying lands, erode beaches, intensify flooding, and increase the salinity of rivers, bays, and groundwater tables. Some of these effects may be further compounded by other effects of a changing climate.<\/p><p>Coastal wetland ecosystems, such as salt marshes and mangroves are particularly vulnerable to rising sea level because they are generally within a few feet of sea level (IPCC, 2007). Wetlands provide habitat for many species, play a key role in nutrient uptake, serve as the basis for many communities\u2019 economic livelihoods, provide recreational opportunities, and protect local areas from flooding.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b436ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7b436ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"501\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Marsh-evolution-SLR.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3484\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Marsh-evolution-SLR.jpg 501w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Marsh-evolution-SLR-300x216.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67d44b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67d44b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>As the sea rises, the outer boundary of these wetlands will erode, and new wetlands will form inland as previously dry areas are flooded by the higher water levels. The amount of newly created wetlands, however, could be much smaller than the lost area of wetlands &#8212; especially in developed areas protected with bulkheads, dikes, and other structures that keep new wetlands from forming inland. The IPCC suggests that by 2080, sea level rise could convert as much as 33 percent of the world\u2019s coastal wetlands to open water. (IPCC, 2007). Tidal wetlands are generally found between sea level and the highest tide over the monthly lunar cycle. As a result, areas with small tide ranges are the most vulnerable.<\/p><p>In addition to inundation, long-term sea level rise can cause erosion and shoreline retreat by creating a sediment budget deficit. Coastal erosion is caused by a variety of factors, which broadly fall into two categories. First, sand often migrates along the shore, causing some areas to erode and others to accrete. Second, rising sea level causes virtually all shores to erode. Using a model first developed by Danish coastal engineer Per Bruun, coastal geologists have estimated that a one-meter rise in sea level will cause beaches to erode 50 to 100 meters from New England to Maryland, 200 meters along the Carolinas, 100 to 1000 meters along the Florida coast, and 200 to 400 meters along the California coast. These model calculations are roughly consistent with the observed rate of erosion. (http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2112\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2112\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.2 Storms and Flooding<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2112\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2112\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3490\" class=\"elementor elementor-3490\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9ec9404 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9ec9404\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a1a864d\" data-id=\"a1a864d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489b060 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489b060\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>The effect of rising mean sea levels will be felt most profoundly during extreme storm conditions when strong winds and falling pressure bring about a temporary and localised increase in sea level known as a storm surge. Storm surges occurring on higher mean sea levels will enable inundation and damaging waves to penetrate further inland increasing flooding, erosion and the subsequent detrimental impacts on built infrastructure and natural ecosystems. In the tropics storm surges are caused by tropical cyclones while elsewhere mid-latitude storms and their associated cold fronts are the main cause of storm surges.<\/p><p>Sea level rise also increases the vulnerability of coastal areas to flooding during storms for several reasons. First, a given storm surge from a hurricane or northeaster builds on top of a higher base of water. Considering only this effect, it is estimated that existing development in the U.S. Coastal Zone would experience a 36-58 percent increase in annual damages for a 30 cm rise in sea level, and a 102-200 percent increase for a 1 m rise. Shore erosion also increases vulnerability to storms, by removing the beaches and dunes that would otherwise protect coastal property from storm waves (FEMA 2000). Sea level rise also increases coastal flooding from rainstorms, because low areas drain more slowly as sea level rises.<\/p><p>Other impacts of climate change may further enhance or mitigate coastal flooding. Flooding from rainstorms may become worse if higher temperatures lead to increasing rainfall intensity during severe storms. An increase in the intensity of tropical storms would increase flood and wind damages.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2113\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2113\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">5.3 Impact on coastal water supplies<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2113\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2113\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3493\" class=\"elementor elementor-3493\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa22b75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"fa22b75\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9aa9f85\" data-id=\"9aa9f85\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bacfb7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bacfb7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>Rising sea level increases the salinity of both surface water and ground water through salt water intrusion. If sea level rise pushes salty water upstream, then the existing water intakes might draw on salty water during dry periods. Salinity increases in estuaries also can harm aquatic plants and animals that do not tolerate high salinity. Shallow coastal aquifers are also at risk (IPCC, 2007). As rising water levels submerge low-lying portions of the coastal areas, portions of the aquifers would become saline.<\/p><p>All the mentioned impacts of sea level rise can cause human loss due to increased level of storm surges, socio-economic losses of coastal communities as well as impact on national economies, environmental problems such as loss of wetlands, dunes and associated ecosystem habitats and loss of cultural heritage due to inundation of these sites (<a href=\"http:\/\/epa.gov\/climatechange\/effects\/coastal\/index.html\">http:\/\/epa.gov\/climatechange\/effects\/coastal\/index.html<\/a>).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1266\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1266\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">6. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1266\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1266\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8614\" class=\"elementor elementor-8614 elementor-3497\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9e7749c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9e7749c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c73fc67\" data-id=\"c73fc67\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">7. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1267\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1267\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8616\" class=\"elementor elementor-8616 elementor-3503\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b7da6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b7da6c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6f9c413\" data-id=\"6f9c413\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-085ad3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"085ad3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u0414\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0439 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\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0430\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u0427\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1268\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1268\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1268\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1268\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8618\" class=\"elementor elementor-8618 elementor-3509\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c05649e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c05649e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3c61c62\" data-id=\"3c61c62\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f365687 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f365687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430. \u0412 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 20-\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 80 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u044e. \u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 21 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0435. \u0412\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0434\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0445, \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u0413\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21cb1ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"21cb1ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.1 Projections for the 21st Century<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3541\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3514\" class=\"elementor elementor-3514\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e9506cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e9506cb\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-214c927\" data-id=\"214c927\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a52ed1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4a52ed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>During the 21st century, sea level will continue to rise due to warming from both past (20th century and earlier) and 21st century greenhouse gas emissions. The most robust projections of 21st century sea-level rise are the Assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) of 2001 and 2007.<\/p><p>In its 2007 assessment of global warming, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected that global mean sea level is expected to rise between 0.18 to 0.59 meters (0.6 and 2 feet) in the next century.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d5f82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d0d5f82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1003\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SL-Change-IPCC-2007.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3516\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SL-Change-IPCC-2007.jpg 1003w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SL-Change-IPCC-2007-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SL-Change-IPCC-2007-768x521.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1003px) 100vw, 1003px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 7 Sea Level Change (source: IPCC, 2007)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-389ba83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"389ba83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Estimates of the ocean thermal expansion are made with coupled climate models for the range of SRES greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Recent estimates indicate that non-polar glaciers and ice caps may contain only enough water to raise sea level by 15 to 37 centimetres (Lemke et al. 2007). The largest contribution is from large glaciers in regions with heavy precipitation, such as the coastal mountains around the Gulf of Alaska, or Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in South America. Many of these glaciers flow into the sea or large lakes and melt quickly because the ice is close to melting temperature.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.2 Projections for Greenland and Antartica<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3542\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3522\" class=\"elementor elementor-3522\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f4660d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f4660d6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-18d913a\" data-id=\"18d913a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b06a85e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b06a85e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>For Greenland, both glacier calving and surface melting contribute to mass loss. Over the last few decades surface melting has increased and now dominates over increased snowfall, leading to a positive contribution to sea level during the 21st century. For the majority of Antarctica, present and projected surface temperatures during the 21st century are too cold for significant melting to occur and precipitation is balanced by glacier flow into the ocean. (Lemke et al. 2007).<\/p><p>In addition to these surface processes, there are suggestions of a potential dynamical response (sliding of the outlet glaciers over the bedrock) of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. In Greenland, there was a significant increase in the flow rate of many of the outlet glaciers during the early 21st century. One potential reason for this is increasing surface melt making its way to the base of the glaciers, lubricating their flow over the bed rock, consistent with increased glacier flow rates. Another effect which may be becoming more important is that, as the ice shelves around Antarctica and Greenland melt or break up (e.g. Larsen B) they allow the glaciers behind them to flow faster, leading to increased flow into the ocean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.3 Global projections<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3543\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3526\" class=\"elementor elementor-3526\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cde922a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cde922a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d3013d\" data-id=\"2d3013d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad58dda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad58dda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>When projecting future sea-level rise, we need to recognise that local trends related to decadal variability will be superimposed on the slowly increasing global-mean sea level. At this stage there is no agreed pattern for the longer-term regional distribution of projected sea-level rise. There are, however, several features that are common to most model projections &#8212; for example a maximum sea-level rise in the Arctic Ocean and a minimum rise in the Southern Ocean south of the Antarctic Circumpolat current.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf35bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bf35bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"501\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2030.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3529\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2030.jpg 501w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2030-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e387af elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2e387af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"501\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2070.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3534\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2070.jpg 501w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-2070-300x217.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 501px) 100vw, 501px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29e2787 figure-caption elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"29e2787\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Figure 8 The multi-model mean of the departure of the projected regional sea-level rise from the global-averaged (SRES A1B) projections for 2030 and 2970 (source: http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel)<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.4 Longer-term projections<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3544\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3540\" class=\"elementor elementor-3540\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d8fe658 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d8fe658\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8088ad3\" data-id=\"8088ad3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917490d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917490d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>For the next few decades, the rate of sea-level rise is partly locked in by past emissions, and will not be strongly dependent on early 21st century greenhouse gas emission. However, sea level projections closer to and beyond 2100 are critically dependent on future greenhouse gas emissions, with both ocean thermal expansion and the ice sheets potentially contributing metres of sea-level rise over centuries for higher greenhouse gas emissions.<br \/>Present day contributions from the Greenland come from both surface melting and iceberg calving and for the Antarctic ice sheet from iceberg calving only. The contribution from the ice sheets is poorly understood at the moment and is an active area of research.<\/p><p>In the case of the Greenland Ice Sheet, if global average temperatures cross a point that is estimated to be in the range of 1.9\u00b0C to 4.6\u00b0C above pre-industrial values, surface melting is likely to exceed precipitation (Gregory and Huybrechts, 2006). The inevitable consequence of this is an ongoing shrinking of the Greenland Ice Sheet over a period of centuries and millennia. Total melting of the Greenland ice sheet alone would increase global mean sea level by around 7 metres. This conclusion is consistent with the observation that global sea level in the last interglacial, when temperatures were in this range, was several metres higher than it is today. This threshold (of melting exceeding precipitation) could potentially be crossed late in the 21st century.<\/p><p>Dynamic responses of the Greenland and\/or West Antarctic Ice Sheets (sliding of the ice sheets over bedrock) could lead to a significantly more rapid rate of sea level rise than from surface melting alone. There is increasing evidence that this dynamic response may be occurring. (http:\/\/www.cmar.csiro.au\/sealevel)<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">8.5 Uncertainties<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3545\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3543\" class=\"elementor elementor-3543\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8283d74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8283d74\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-840fabb\" data-id=\"840fabb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a6a80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a6a80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>It is difficult for scientists to be more precise with sea-level projections because there are a number of uncertainties:<\/p><ul><li>Greenhouse gas concentrations<\/li><\/ul><p>While scientists agree that the levels of greenhouse gases are rising, future increases depend on many factors, including population growth, energy use and the development of new technologies.<\/p><ul><li>Climate sensitivity<\/li><\/ul><p>Climate sensitivity is the amount of atmospheric warming that results from a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. It depends on the presence of greenhouse gases, and on feedback processes from clouds, water vapour and ice. This is a significant source of uncertainty in projections of long-term climate change.<\/p><ul><li>Ocean heat exchange<\/li><\/ul><p>Heat moves between the atmosphere and the ocean&#8217;s surface. The temperature at the surface at any one time is influenced by what is going on in the ocean. Quite small changes in the transport of heat or salt can have large effects on surface temperature, and ultimately on climate. Ocean models have developed rapidly over the last two decades but accurately representing the most important ocean features remains a challenge.<\/p><ul><li>Ice<\/li><\/ul><p>There is uncertainty about the response of the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to hundreds of years of warmer temperatures. Scientists are concerned that there could be a rapid disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet, causing a rapid rise in sea level.<br \/>(source: http:\/\/science.org.au\/nova\/082\/082key.htm).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1269\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1269\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">9. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1269\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1269\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8620\" class=\"elementor elementor-8620 elementor-3547\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-feed50c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"feed50c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b028b1\" data-id=\"5b028b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b30cf0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b30cf0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u0412\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443 XXI \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043a 2500 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0443, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441! \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-12610\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-12610\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">10. \u0415\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-12610\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-12610\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8622\" class=\"elementor elementor-8622 elementor-3553\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8e5e22e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8e5e22e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eab4a3e\" data-id=\"eab4a3e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-414a92b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"414a92b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u0411\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0438 \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0442\u0430\u043c, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0436\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432. \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043f\u043b\u044f\u0436\u0438, \u0434\u044e\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u0431\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u044c\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0433\u043b\u0443\u0431\u044c \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 30-60 \u043b\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<p>\u0427\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 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\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0445 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439) \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0445\u0438.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-12611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-12611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">11. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-12611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-12611\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8624\" class=\"elementor elementor-8624 elementor-3556\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-78b62fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"78b62fe\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e6736f\" data-id=\"8e6736f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20e4bab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20e4bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f &#8212; \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f\u0445, \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e 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\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043c\u044f\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0436\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0438. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b, \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-12612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-12612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-12612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-12612\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"8626\" class=\"elementor elementor-8626 elementor-3562\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b4a1e02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b4a1e02\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1eaf313\" data-id=\"1eaf313\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7accbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7accbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0431-\u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 http:\/\/flood.firetree.net\/, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b \u041d\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2117ddb elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"2117ddb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3471\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3471\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-plus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-minus\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" href=\"\">12.1 Vulnerability maps<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3471\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3471\"><p>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3568\" class=\"elementor elementor-3568\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7709d8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7709d8b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93f1fd9\" data-id=\"93f1fd9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8c8c71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8c8c71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p>There are also vulnerability maps which show the coastal regions, coastal habitats or coastal communities ranked according to their vulnerabilities to impacts of sea level rise. These maps are important and necessary for adaptation planning of coastal areas since they give information about different factors which will be affected by sea level rise while the maps mentioned above are the results of specific scenarios which might happen in the future.<\/p><p>For vulnerability maps, different types of models are developed and used for different objectives. For example, the BRANCH project supported by EU funds (2008-2009) demonstrated the vulnerability of coastal habitats to sea level rise (Figure 1).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0414552 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0414552\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"222\" height=\"275\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Saltmarsh-vulnerability-map.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3571\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 1: Salt marsh vulnerability levels (source: http:\/\/www.branchproject.org)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-995babe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"995babe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\">\n\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: left;\">Another example of mapping vulnerability of coastal areas to sea level rise\u00a0has been\u00a0performed in Goksu Delta, Turkey as an example of vulnerability of deltas, which are to be most affected low lying lands along the coasts both physically and socio-economically. Using both human and physical impacts, the vulnerability map shows that Goksu Delta is mostly moderately vulnerable to sea level rise. But the settlement areas are highly vulnerable to impacts of sea level rise. These types of maps enable decision makers to determine the areas which need protection in terms of adaptive management policies and\/or coastal protection structures. (Ozyurt and Ergin, 2009).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41c77f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"41c77f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"359\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-vulnerability-map-Goksu-Turkey.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3576\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-vulnerability-map-Goksu-Turkey.jpg 359w, https:\/\/besafenet.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/SLR-vulnerability-map-Goksu-Turkey-300x289.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Figure 2: Vulnerability map of Goksu Delta, Turkey(Ozyurt and Ergin, 2009)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d ICoD &#8212; Euro-Mediterranean Centre on Insular Coastal Dynamics (Valletta, Malta) &amp; the Editorial Board \u041f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043a \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0448\u0438 (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f). \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":8889,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.1 - 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